Session 1 - Terms Of Position And Movement

Question 1

Define anatomical position

Answer 1

The body is erect with the head, eyes and toes directed anteriorly. The arms are adjacent to and slightly away from the sides of the body with the palms facing anteriorly in the supinated position and the thumbs pointing away from the body. The lower limbs are close together but slightly apart with the feet parallel to each other and flat on the ground.

Question 2

Anterior

Answer 2

Nearer to the front; in front of

Question 3

What is another word for anterior?

Answer 3

Ventral

Question 4

Inferior

Answer 4

Away from the head; towards the lower part of a structure of the body; below

Question 5

What is another word for inferior?

Answer 5

Caudal

Question 6

Posterior

Answer 6

Nearer to the back; behind of

Question 7

What is another word for posterior?

Answer 7

Dorsal

Question 8

Superior

Answer 8

Above; towards the head or upper part of a structure of the body

Question 9

What is another word for superior?

Answer 9

Cranial

Question 10

Medial

Answer 10

Nearer to the median plane of the body

Question 11

Lateral

Answer 11

Away from the median plane of the body

Question 12

Proximal

Answer 12

Nearer to the trunk of the body or point of origin

Question 13

Distal

Answer 13

Away from the trunk of the body of point of origin

Question 14

Superficial

Answer 14

Nearer to the surface

Question 15

Deep

Answer 15

Further from the surface

Question 16

Intermediate

Answer 16

Between superficial and deep

Question 17

Flexion

Answer 17

Decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

Question 18

Extension

Answer 18

Increasing the angle between bones or parts of the body

Question 19

In which plane does flexion and extension usually occur?

Answer 19

The sagittal plane

Question 20

Abduction

Answer 20

Moving away from the median plane

Question 21

Adduction

Answer 21

Moving towards the median plane

Question 22

In which plane does Abduction and Adduction usually occur?

Answer 22

The coronal/frontal plane

Question 23

Pronation

Answer 23

Rotation of the radius and medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly.

Question 24

Supination

Answer 24

Rotation of the radius laterally so that palm of the hand faces anteriorly and its dorsum faces posteriorly

Question 25

Opposition

Answer 25

Movement by which the pad of the first digit is brought to another digit pad

Question 26

Reposition

Answer 26

Movement by the which the pad of the first digit is brought from the pad of another digit to its anatomical position.

Question 27

Elevation

Answer 27

Moving a part of the body superiorly

Question 28

Depression

Answer 28

Moving a part of the body inferiorly

Question 29

Eversion

Answer 29

Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole/foot laterally

Question 30

Inversion

Answer 30

Movement of the sole of the foot towards the median plane, turning the sole/foot medially

Question 31

What is the median plane?

Answer 31

A vertical plane passing through the body longitudinally, dividing it into equal left and right halves.

Question 32

What is another name for the median plane?

Answer 32

Midsagittal plane

Question 33

What is the coronal plane?

Answer 33

A vertical plane passing through the body at a right angle to the sagittal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior halves.

Question 34

What is another name for the coronal plane?

Answer 34

Frontal plane

Question 35

What is the transverse plane?

Answer 35

A horizontal plane passing through the body at a right angle to the median and coronal planes divining the body into the upper and lower halves

Question 36

What is another name for the transverse plane?

Answer 36

Axial or horizontal plane

Question 37

What is the highest organisational level of the body?

Answer 37

System level

Question 38

Name the organisation levels of the body in order of increasing complexity

Answer 38

Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level

Question 39

Explain chemical level

Answer 39

The protoplasm is the basic component of a cell and is made up of atoms and molecules. The organisation of chemical components in the protoplasm distinguish living organisms from non-living. The chemical processes within the protoplasm supply the building blocks for the next higher level.

Question 40

Explain Cellular level

Answer 40

The cell is the most fundamental unit of life and is made up of protoplasm which includes a nucleus and cytoplasm. Cells specialise to perform different functions.

Question 41

Explain Tissue level

Answer 41

Tissue are made up of a large collection of cells that have specialised to perform a certain function.

Question 42

Explain Organ level

Answer 42

An organ is made up of a unique combination of all or part of the four major tissues. The tissues are arranged in such a way that they perform a certain function when combined. The pattern in the which the tissues are arranged can be used to identify the organ.

Question 43

Explain System level

Answer 43

A system is an arrangement of organs is such a way that they perform complex functions for the body.

Question 44

What are the major groupings of systems?

Answer 44

Outer protection Maintenance Framework/movement Communication Reproduction

Question 45

Which systems are grouped under Outer Protection?

Answer 45

Integumentary system

Question 46

Which systems are grouped under Maintenance?

Answer 46

Circulatory system Digestive system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Exocrine system

Question 47

Which systems are grouped under Framework/movement?

Answer 47

Skeletal system Muscular system

Question 48

Which systems are grouped under Communication?

Answer 48

Nervous system Endocrine system

Question 49

What are the three major cavities of the body?

Answer 49

Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity A domino-pelvic cavity

Question 50

What is the cranial cavity composed of?

Answer 50

The skull bone and the organs found within i.e eyes, brain, ears, etc.

Question 51

What is the thoracic cavity composed of?

Answer 51

Pulmonary cavities Mediastinum Diaphragm

Question 52

What are the primary organs in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 52

Respiratory system Cardiovascular system

Question 53

What is the name of the common point used to divide the abdomen into four quadrants?

Answer 53

The umbilicus

Question 54

What are the nine regions of the abdomen?

Answer 54

Epigastrium Right hypochondrium Right Lumbar Right Inguinal Hypogastrium Left Inguinal Left Lumbar Left hypochondrium Umbilical

Question 55

Name 5 organs found in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen

Answer 55

Right lobe of the liver Gallbladder Right kidney Pancreas head Ascending colon

Question 56

Name 5 organs found in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen?

Answer 56

Left lobe of the liver Stomach Spleen Left kidney Descending colon

Question 57

Name 5 organs found in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen?

Answer 57

Sigmoid colon Left ureter Left ovary Bladder when full Uterus when enlarged

Question 58

Name 5 organs found in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen

Answer 58

Appendix Caecum Right ureter Bladder when full Right ovary

Question 59

What are midclavicular lines?

Answer 59

Lines parallel to the sagittal plane that pass through the middle of each clavicle

Question 60

What is the midaxillary line?

Answer 60

A line that passes through the middle of the axillary area.