Session 2

Question 1

What are the sections of the sternum?

Answer 1

Manubrium (manubrio sternal joint = the sternal angle)
Body
Xiphisternum

Question 2

What are the floating ribs?

Answer 2

They end free in the abdominal muscles

Ribs 11 & 12

Question 3

What are ribs 1-7 connected to?

Answer 3

The sternum via costal cartilage

Question 4

What are ribs 8-10 connected to?

Answer 4

The costal cartilage

Question 5

What are the typical ribs?

Answer 5

3-9

Question 6

What are the atypical ribs?

Answer 6

1, 2, 10, 11, 12

Question 7

What runs in the costal groove?

Answer 7

A neurovascular bundle

Question 8

What are the properties of a typical rib?

Answer 8

2 articulate facets, obvious costal groove

Question 9

What are the properties of an atypical rib?

Answer 9

Single facet, poorly marked costal groove

Question 10

What are the 3 intercostal muscles?

Answer 10

External (Superficial)
Internal
Innermost (Deep)

Question 11

What do the external intercostal muscles aid?

Answer 11

Inspiration - Increase lateral diameter of the thorax

Question 12

What do the Internal and Innermost intercostal muscles aid?

Answer 12

Expiration (Usually elastic recoil of muscle is enough in restful breathing)

Question 13

What are the intercostal arteries?

Answer 13

Thoracic Aorta gives rise to Posterior intercostal artery

Internal thoracic artery gives rise to Anterior intercostal artery

Question 14

What does the intercostal artery supply?

Answer 14

The Anterior and Posterior anastomose to supply the muscles of the space, parietal pleura and overlying skin

Question 15

What is the arrangement of vessels in the neurovascular bundle in the costal groove?

Answer 15

Vein - Superficial
Artery
Nerve - Deep

Question 16

What is the venous drainage of the intercostal areas?

Answer 16

Azygos system (drains into the superior vena cava)
Some into the internal thoracic vein

Question 17

What is the main muscle of Inspiration?

Answer 17

The diaphragm

Question 18

What are the 3 openings of the diaphragm?

Answer 18

T8 for the vena cava
T10 for the oesophagus
T12 for the Aorta

Question 19

What are some of the accessory muscles to respiration?

Answer 19

Sternocleoidmastoid

Pectoralis major

Question 20

What does the parietal pleura cover?

Answer 20

Bony thorax
Diaphragm
Mediastinum

Question 21

What does the visceral pleura cover?

Answer 21

The lungs

Question 22

Where do the 2 layers meet?

Answer 22

At the Hilum

Question 23

What is the pleural seal?

Answer 23

The parietal and visceral pleura sit close to each other and the tension between the 2 resists them being pulled apart, pulls lung with it

Question 24

What innervates the diaphragm? & sensory supply there

Answer 24

C3, C4, C5

Question 25

What is the Costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 25

An extra space inferior to the lung for very deep inspiration

Question 26

How can you define the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 26

Below the cricoid cartilage

Question 27

What is the Carina?

Answer 27

Where the trachea divides into 2 | Can expand due to enlarged lymph nodes & lung carcinomas

Question 28

Which Bronchi is shorter? Why is this important?

Answer 28

The right one, it is also more vertical. Important as it is more likely to have foreign bodies stick in it when inhaled

Question 29

How many lobar bronchi are there on each side?

Answer 29

3 on the right | 2 on the left

Question 30

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 30

An area of lung supplied by its own segmental bronchi and segmental branches of the pulmonary artery and vein

Question 31

How many lobes make the right lung?

Answer 31

3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

Question 32

How many lobes make the left lung?

Answer 32

2 lobes (superior and inferior)

Question 33

What fissures are on the right lung?

Answer 33

Horizontal | Oblique

Question 34

What fissures are on the left lung?

Answer 34

Horizontal only

Question 35

Where is the phrenic nerve and vagus nerve in relation to the hilum of the lung?

Answer 35

Phrenic infront of | Vagus behind

Question 36

What are the surface markings of the pleural cavity?

Answer 36

8th rib at the front 10th rib mid axillary line 12th rib posteriorly

Question 37

What is the surface marking for the oblique fissure?

Answer 37

T2 --> 6th costal cartilage

Question 38

What is the surface marking for the horizontal fissure?

Answer 38

4th rib and costal cartilage