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Gastrointestinal > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define swallowing

A

Formation of a bolus and transporting it along the tube

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2
Q

Define Mastication

A

Teeth cut and crush food as it is mixed with saliva

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3
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of Mastication?

A

The Trigeminal nerve

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4
Q

How much saliva is produced per day?

A

1.5L

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5
Q

What are teeth made of?

A

Calcium salts

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6
Q

Why is there high Ca2+ concentration in the mouth?

A

Because teeth are soluble in acid solution so the mouth needs to be more alkaline

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7
Q

What does saliva do?

A

Aid swallowing by coating the bolus
Keeps mucosa moist
Washes teeth
Aids maintenance of alkaline environment

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8
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A 
Hypotonic
Iodide
Bacteriorstatics
Electrolytes (Na+ & Cl- low conc, K+, Ca2+, I-, HCO3- high conc)
Mucus
Enzymes (Salivary amylase)
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9
Q

Define Zerostomia

A

A disease where lack of saliva causes teeth to decay within weeks. Patient can still eat moist food.

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10
Q

Why are antibodies secreted from cells within the mouth?

A

They help to control the bacteria levels (bacteria produce acidic products that aid teeth decay)

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11
Q

What are the 3 paired sets of salivary glands?

A

Parotid
SubMaxillary
Sub-Lingual (Below tongue)

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12
Q

What do all the salivary glands have in common?

A

They are all exocrine with ducts

One end is open to the outside, the other end is lined with acinar cells

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13
Q

What is the saliva from the Parotid gland like?

A 
Watery secretions
Rich in enzymes
Little mucus
Serious saliva
25% of secretion
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14
Q

What is the saliva from the SubMaxillary gland like?

A

All components of saliva (so serous and mucus mixed)
Mix of serous and mucus acini –> common ducts
70% of secretions

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15
Q

What is the saliva from the Sub-Lingual gland like?

A 
Viscous secretions
High solute conc
No enzymes
Lots of mucus
Mucus secretion
5% of secretions
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16
Q

How is the serous saliva made?

A

It is hypotonic so has a low osmotic pressure
Concentrated extra cellular fluid is released into the duct then the solutes are reabsorbed by the duct cells. Water cannot be reabsorbed due to the tight gap junctions

17
Q

What cells determine the volume of saliva?

A

The acinar cells

18
Q

What cells determine the composition of saliva?

A

The duct cells

19
Q

What is the composition of Acinar secretion?

A

Isotonic with the extracellular fluid. Electrolyte concentration the same and enzymes

20
Q

How does length of time in the ducts effect composition?

A

The longer the saliva (or sweat) is in the duct, the more modified it will be

21
Q

What is resting saliva composition?

A 
Low volume
Very hypotonic
Neutral
Few enzymes
Highly modified acinar secretion
22
Q

What is stimulated saliva composition?

A 
Less modified acinar secretion
High volume
Less hypotonic
More alkaline
High concentration of enzymes
23
Q

What controls saliva secretion?

A

Nervous control of the ANS

24
Q

What part of the sympathetic nervous system controls saliva secretion?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

25
Q

What part of the Parasympathetic nervous system controls saliva secretion?

A

The Glossopharyngeal (9th Cranial nerve) and Otic ganglion

26
Q

What section of the spinal chord receives information from the mouth/salivary glands?

A

The Medulla Oblingata

27
Q

What drug will block the saliva production?

A

Atropine (Non selective Muscarinic antagonist). Need a lot of blood to make saliva and the decreased blood flow will cause a decrease in production.

28
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on the acinar cells?

A

AcetylCholine

29
Q

What is the swallowing reflex?

A

A complex sequence of motor movements

30
Q

What are the stages of swallowing?

A

1) Mastication forms a bolus
2) Bolus is moved to Pharynx
3) Stimulates swallowing reflex

31
Q

What is important to check after a brain injury?

A

The swallowing reflex as it is an important brainstem function that must be checked. It is absent in brain death

32
Q

What are the voluntary phases of transporting food to the stomach?

A

Mastication

Swallowing the Bolus

33
Q

What are the involuntary phases of transporting food to the stomach?

A

Pharyngeal phase

Oesophageal phase

34
Q

What happens in the Pharyngeal phase?

A

Pressure receptors in the anterior pharynx affarent to the brain stem which inhibits respiration, revises larynx, closes the glottis and opens the oesophageal sphincter.

35
Q

What happens in the Oesophageal phase?

A

Rapid peristaltic waves co ordinated by extrinsic nerves transport food in 9 seconds to lower oesophageal sphincter. The upper 1/3rd is striated muscle not under our control, other 2/3rd is smooth muscle

36
Q

What happens in peristalisis?

A

Specific pattern of motility
Circular muscle behind the bolus contracts
Longitudinal muscle around bolus contracts
All muscle relaxes

37
Q

Define Dysphagia

A

Problems with swallowing

38
Q

Define Achalasia

A

Issues with swallowing due to motility problems

39
Q

Define Globus

A

The sensation of having a lump in the throat

Gastrointestinal (13 decks)

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