Session 2

Question 1

What is the starting point of superior sagittal sinus?

Answer 1

crista galli

Question 2

What aperture allows excretion of CSF into the venous sinuses

Answer 2

Arachnoid granulations

Question 3

What are the contributors of cavernous sinus?

Answer 3

Superior and inferior ophthalmic, Sphenoparietal sinus, Superficial middle cranial cerebral vein

Question 4

What does the sigmoid sinus becomes and at what point

Answer 4

IJV after crossing jugular foramen

Question 5

What is the location od superficial veins of the brain?

Answer 5

subarachnoid space

Question 6

What do veins of the spinal cord drain into?

Answer 6

posterior radicular vein and then into vertebral venous plexus

Question 7

Name branches of vertebral arteries?

Answer 7

meningeal, anterior spinal (x1), posterior inferior cerebellar

Question 8

Name branches of basilar arteries?

Answer 8

anterior inferior cerebellar, pontine and labyrinthine a. , superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral (bifurcation point)

Question 9

what is the blood supply to the cerebellum

Answer 9

superior, anterior-inferior and posterior-inferior cerebellar arteries

Question 10

What regions are supplied by posterior cerebral artery

Answer 10

midbrain thalamus, temporal and occipital lobe

Question 11

What are the branches of ICA

Answer 11

ophthalmic, middle and anterior cerebral, posterior communicating, hypophyseal (pituitary portal system)

Question 12

what is the territory of anterior cerebral a

Answer 12

frontal and parietal lobes, medial aspect

Question 13

what is the territory of middle cerebral a

Answer 13

parietal, temporal and frontal lobes=> lateral

Question 14

what is the territory of posterior cerebral a

Answer 14

temporal and occipital lobes and thalamus

Question 15

what is the arterial blood supply to the spine

Answer 15

anterior and posterior spinal arteries and segmental medullary arteries (branches of aorta including artery of Adamkiewicz)

Question 16

What are the characteristics of obstructed supply to anterior spinal artery?

Answer 16

spinal shock=> initial flaccidity, areflexia and ataxia (medical emergency). If not treated it progresses to upper motor neuron lesion related symptoms

Question 17

List the parts of lateral ventricle

Answer 17

frontal(A), body (parietal), temporal(inferior) Occipital (P)

Question 18

What are the openings of 4th ventricle

Answer 18

foramen of Medium and lateral foramen x2 central canal

Question 19

What is the role of astrocytes?

Answer 19

BBB, neurotransmitter scavenging (i.e. toxic glutamate), ion concentration control (especially K during firing), nutrients/energy (lactate)

Question 20

What is the role of oligodendrocytes

Answer 20

myelination

Question 21

What is the role of microglia

Answer 21

immunity=> phagocytosis and antigen presenting

Question 22

What is the composition of BBB

Answer 22

BM of capillaries, tight junction, end feet of astrocyte processes

Question 23

What are the two channels activated by glutamate

Answer 23

AMPA and NMDA

Question 24

Why are NMDA receptors special

Answer 24

only activated in depolarisation ( blocked by Mg) permeable to calcium. Lead to long term changes (Plasticity)

Question 25

What is meant by plasticity

Answer 25

long term potentiation of neurons due to increase in calcium as a result of activation of glutamate NMDA and GPCRs.

Question 26

How NMDA receptors may lead to cell death in stroke

Answer 26

spread of depolarisation leads to opening of NMDA receptors and calcium influx that may result in calcium mediated neurotoxicity

Question 27

What are the functions of GABA and glycine and what is the mechanism of action?

Answer 27

transient chloride channel leads to hyperpolarisation and inhibition of transmission Also through Gq

Question 28

Where are most of Ach receptors located in the brain

Answer 28

pre-synaptic, basal forebrain, brainstem, diffused through cortex and hippocampus

Question 29

which major pathways is dopamine involved in

Answer 29

Nigrostriatal and mesolimbic and monocortical

Question 30

What are the two conditions that result in disturbances of dopaminergic pathways

Answer 30

PD and schizophrenia

Question 31

Where are most of NA receptors located in the brain

Answer 31

cortex, hypothalamus, amygdale, cerebellum

Question 32

How are NMDA receptors activated

Answer 32

glutamate and depolarisation( removes Mg)