Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Infection > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Each colony seen on an agar plate represents…

A

A single bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In theory what is more effective, alcohol hand gel or hand washing?

A

Alcohol hand gel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adenovirus is a common viral infection, what is the best way to specially diagnose adenovirus?

A

Viral PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Culturing a virus is possible but it has to be done with…

How is the virus viewed?

A

Live cells

Electron microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two main groups of toxins that arise from bacteria and cause damage?

A

Endotoxins

Exotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A toxin that causes harm and is a part of the bacteria structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the best example of an endotoxin?

A

Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria (lipopolysaccharide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the properties of the lipopolysaccharide? What can it cause in the human body?

A

It is highly toxic

Can cause a major inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is sepsis is usually associated with gram positive or gram negative bacteria? Why?

A

Gram negative

Due to the highly toxic lipopolysaccharide in gram negatives which can trigger a major inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria stain in a gram stain? Why?

A

Red/Pink

Due to the presence of LPS/outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What colour do gram positive bacteria stain in a gram stain?

A

Purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rank the 4 main types of microorganisms that cause disease in humans from smallest to largest…

A

Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Viruses can only be viewed using which type of microscope?

A

Electron microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can bacteria be viewed under a light microscope?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are prions? Give an example of a disease caused by prions?

A

Proteins that generate copies of themselves and can spread from person to person and cause disease

Mad Cow Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are prions particularly dangerous and able to be transmitted via surgical equipment?

A

They are not destroyed in the high pressure/high temperature sterilisation of surgical instruments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are viruses commonly classified?

A

By the nucleic acids they possess (e.g. RNA or DNA, single stranded or double stranded)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are viruses enveloped?

A

Can exist with or without an envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Viruses often show tissue tropism, what is meant by this?

A

They prefer particular cell lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the different layers of the bacteria cell membrane (from inside to out)?

A

Plasma membrane
Periplasmic space
Petidoglycan (cell wall)

(Periplasmic space + LPS - in gram negative bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Proteins secreted by the bacteria and go out into the surrounding blood and tissue and damage tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Exotoxins that act on the bowel are called…

Exotoxins that act on nerves are called…

A

Enterotoxin

Neurotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the different layers of a virus (from inside to outside)?

A

Nucleic acid (DNA/RNA, SS or DS)
Protein Coat
(Envelope - some virus)
Spikes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the purpose of spikes on the surface of viruses?
For attaching to specific cell surfaces, they are essential in viral replication
26
Human papilloma virus is a common cause of...
Cervical cancer
27
What is norovirus?
A winter vomiting disease, common in hospitals. Can also cause explosive diarrhoea.
28
What are bacteriophages?
Viruses that infect bacteria (can transfer their DNA) and therefore can have an effect on humans
29
What structures can be found in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell?
Plasmids Ribosomes Circular DNA
30
Do bacteria have a cell wall?
Yes
31
What can carrying out a gram stain show you about a bacteria?
It can show you the type/shape and arrangement of the bacteria
32
What different shapes can bacteria take? (3)
Coccus (pl. cocci) Spirillus (not commonly seen) Bacillus (rods)
33
Cocci shaped bacteria can be arranged as either... (2)
Clusters or chains
34
What part of the bacterial cell wall retains the gram stain and allows the identification of gram positive and gram negative bacteria? How?
Peptidoglycan Smaller amount of peptidoglycan found in gram negative bacteria so stains a different colour
35
Categorisation of bacteria by gram stain allows you to choose the most effective _____________
Antibiotic
36
What are aerobes in regards to bacteria? What are obligate aerobes?
Any bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen Require oxygen for survival
37
What are anaerobes in regards to bacteria? What are obligate anaerobes?
Any bacteria that can survive in the absence of oxygen Require oxygen-free environment for survival
38
What are spores in regards to bacteria?
Dormant form of bacterial life that can survive high pressures/temperatures
39
How are bacteria, fungi or parasites named? Give an example.
Genus + species Staphylococcus aureus (Staph aureus, S aureus)
40
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin resistant Staph aureus
41
Name two gram positive, cocci bacteria.
Staph aureus | Coagulase negative staph
42
Name two gram negative, cocci bacteria.
Neisseria meningitidis | Neisseria gonorrhoea
43
Name two gram positive, bacilli bacteria.
Listeria monocytogenes | Bacillus anthracis
44
Name two gram negative, bacilli bacteria?
Escherichia coli | Haemophilus influenzae
45
What are virulence factors?
Molecules produced by bacteria that make them more effective
46
By which two main mechanisms can bacteria cause disease?
Virulence factors | Toxins
47
Are cell walls usually found in prokaryotes? What do they usually contain?
Yes, may contain peptidoglycan
48
Are cell walls usually found in eukaryotic cells? If so, do they contain peptidoglycan?
In plant cells only No peptidoglycan
49
Are there carbohydrates or sterols in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells?
No carbohydrates | Most lack sterols
50
Are there carbohydrates or sterols in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells?
Yes, both present
51
What is the difference between the ribosomes found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
70S in prokaryotic cells 80S in eukaryotic cells
52
Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic organisms?
Eukaryotic
53
Fungi can be categorised into which two categories?
Yeasts (single-celled) | Molds (multicellular)
54
Give an example of a single-celled, yeast fungi.
Candida albicans
55
Give an example of a multicellular, mold fungi.
Aspergillus species
56
Are parasites, eukaryotic or prokaryotic organisms?
Eukaryotic
57
Parasites can be categorised into which 2 categories?
Protozoa (single-celled) | Helminths (worms, multi-cellular)
58
Give an example of a protozoa type parasite.
Giardia lamblia
59
Give an example of a helminth type parasite.
Roundworms | Tapeworms
60
What is drainage with regards to surgical treatments?
Drainage of an abscess - removal of infectious tissue/organism
61
What is debridement with regards to surgical treatment?
Removal of damaged tissues/foreign objects from a wound
62
What is dead space removal with regards to surgical treatments?
Removal of a 'hole' left after surgery for example

Infection (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions