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Infection > Session 9 > Flashcards

Session 9 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Name 4 species of plasmodium

A

Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale

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2
Q

What is the most dangerous plasmodial species?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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3
Q

P. falciparum can cause a rapidly fulminating characterised by… (2)

A

High fever

Orthostatic hypotension

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4
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

Hypotension (low BP) that occurs when standing up from sitting down

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5
Q

Infection with P.falciparum can lead to what affect in capillaries?

A

Capillary obstruction

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6
Q

Why are P.malariae, P.vivax, P.ovale thought to cause milder forms of malaria?

How does this compare with P.falciparum?

A

They only invade young OR old RBCs (not both)

Invades RBCs of all ages

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7
Q

Describe the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum

A

Infected mosquito injects sporozoites (or through contaminated blood)

Sporozoites migrate to the liver - sporozoites —> merozoites

Merozoites released, invade RBCs

Inside RBC, merozoite —> trophozoite

Trophozoites multiply in RBCs to produce merozoites, when they burst the merozoites invade other RBCs

Some merozoites form gametocytes

Female Anopheles mosquito takes up gametocytes —> sexual cycle continues —> sporozoites

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8
Q

What type of microorganism is Schistosomiasis?

A

Helminth - type of flatworm

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9
Q

What type of helminth is schistosomiasis?

A

Helminth

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10
Q

Schistosomiasis is widespread in which parts of the world?

A

Tropical areas of the world

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11
Q

How do helminths typically cause disease?

A

By establishing residence in deep tissues

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12
Q

Which helminths can cause deep tissue infections?

A

Members of all three helminth groups - roundworms, tapeworms and flukes

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13
Q

What are the three groups of helminths?

A

Roundworms
Tapeworms
Flukes

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14
Q

Name two ways helminths are typically transmitted?

A

Ingestion

Penetration of the skin

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15
Q

Helminth diseases almost invariably produce __________ inflammation

A

Chronic

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16
Q

When the helminth worm burden is low, infections are…

A

Generally symptomatic

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17
Q

Many worms are long lived in humans and accumulate in…

A

Large numbers

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18
Q

How do humans acquire Schistosomiasis?

A

Exposure of unprotected skin (unbroken) with WATER containing infectious cercariae

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19
Q

Schistosomiasis is a type of Helminth and has a life cycle that involves…

A

Water

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20
Q

What type of microorganism is Legionella?

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

Which disease can Legionella cause in humans?

A

Pneumonia

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22
Q

Where is Legionella typically found?

A

Man made water systems

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23
Q

Give 2 examples of man made water symptoms where you may find Legionella

A

Cooling systems

Spa pools

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24
Q

How is Legionella spread?

A

By droplet from the water system

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25
In humans, Legionella pneumophila invades and replicates inside...
Macrophages
26
Is Legionella a particularly common or uncommon cause of pneumonia? How is it treated?
Less common Antibiotics
27
Why is it important to take a travel history?
Allows you to recognise imported diseases There may be different strains of pathogen Infection prevention
28
What 4 factors are important to consider when investigating a possible travel related infection?
Where (they went) When (did symptoms begin) What (symptoms/signs) How (did they acquire it)
29
What is icterus?
Jaundice visible in the eye
30
What is hepatosplenomegaly?
Enlargement of the liver and spleen
31
How might a blood film appear in someone with malaria?
RBCs with visible parasites in may be seen
32
What are the 4 main Plasmodium species?
Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae
33
What is the vector for malaria?
Female Anopheles mosquito
34
Can malaria spread from person-to-person?
No, not usually
35
What is the most commonly imported infection to the UK?
Malaria
36
Malaria from which plasmodial species is the most severe?
Plasmodium falciparum
37
The majority of falciparum cases of malaria come from which part of the world?
Africa
38
The majority of vivax/ovale cases of malaria come from which part of the world?
India
39
Name three common symptoms of malaria?
Fever Chills Sweating
40
Apart from fever, chills and sweating. Name three other symptoms of malaria.
Spleen enlargement Back pain Muscle pain
41
What is the minimum incubation period of malaria?
6 days
42
The incubation period for plasmodium falciparum can be up to...
6 months
43
The incubation period for Plasmodium vivax/ovale can be up to...
1 year+
44
Fever, chills and sweating are common symptoms of someone with malaria. How do these symptoms tend to present?
Cycle every 3rd or 4th day
45
What signs of malaria are there on clinical examination?
Not many - fever and possibly splenomegaly
46
Name two cardiovascular consequences of severe falciparum malaria
Tachycardia | Hypotension
47
Name a respiratory consequence of severe falciparum malaria
ARDS
48
Name a gastrointestinal consequence of severe falciparum malaria
Diarrhoea
49
Name a renal consequence of severe falciparum malaria
Acute kidney injury
50
How may bilirubin levels be affected in malaria? Why?
Raised Increased haemolysis of RBCs
51
Name two metabolic consequences of severe falciparum malaria
Hypoglycaemia | Acidosis
52
Name two CNS consequences of severe falciparum malaria
Confusion | Fits
53
How may RBC count be affected by severe falciparum malaria?
Low - anaemic
54
How might WCC be affected by severe falciparum malaria?
Can be low (or normal)
55
How can platelet count be affected by severe falciparum malaria?
Low - thrombocytopenia
56
Name some tests that would be carried out in suspected malaria? (6)
``` Blood smear x3 FBC U&E LFTs Coagulation Tests Glucose ```
57
When may a head CT be carried out in suspected malaria?
If CNS symptoms
58
Is the treatment for malaria the same for all species?
No, different treatment for different species
59
Which plasmodial species can be described as malignant? Which plasmodial species can be described as benign?
P falciparum P malariae P ovale P vivax
60
Name two treatments for P. falciparum malaria
Artesunate | Quinine + doxycycline
61
What is the treatment for 'benign' malarias?
Chloroquine + primaquine
62
State 3 factors involves in the prevention of malaria
ABC Assessing risk Bite prevention Chemoprophylaxis
63
Describe each factor of the ABC of malaria prevention
Assessing the risk - knowledge of at risk areas Bite prevention - repellent, adequate clothing, nets Chemoprophylaxis - specific to the region
64
Enteric fever can include which two conditions?
Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
65
What is the main cause of enteric fever? Where in the world is it mainly seen? Which ages does it affect?
Poor sanitation Asia Children
66
What is the mechanism of infection for enteric fever?
Faecal-oral transmission from contaminated food/water
67
Which organisms cause enteric fever?
Salmonella enterica species - types include Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A, B or C
68
What type of bacteria is Salmonella enterica?
Aerobic gram negative rod
69
Which bacterial family does Salmonella enterica belong to?
Enterobacteriaceae
70
State three virulence factors of Salmonella enterica
Endotoxin Invasion - allowing intracellular growth Fimbriae allowing adherence to epithelium over ileal lymphoid tissue
71
Can Salmonella enterica survive gastric acid?
Yes
72
What role does Invasin play as a virulence factor for Salmonella enterica?
Allows intracellular growth
73
Is enteric fever a localised or systemic disease?
Systemic
74
Describe the incubation period for enteric fever?
7-14 days
75
Which is generally milder, typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever?
Paratyphoid - milder
76
State some symptoms of enteric fever
``` Fever Headache Abdominal discomfort Constipation Dry cough ```
77
How might the heart rate be affected in enteric fever?
Bradycardia (slower)
78
Name a potential complication of enteric fever
Intestinal haemorrhage and perforation
79
How might... I) RBC levels II) Lymphocyte levels III) LFTs ...be affected by enteric fever?
Moderate anaemia (low) Lymphopenia (low) Raised (transaminase and bilirubin)
80
What investigations are carried out in suspected enteric fever? Is serology carried out?
Culture of blood/faeces No - not reliable
81
What is now the most common treatment for enteric fever? (2)
Ceftriaxone Azithromycin
82
Name two preventative measures against enteric fever
Typhoid vaccine Food and water hygiene precautions
83
Give examples of two bacteria that cause non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. What symptoms do they cause?
S typhimurium S enteritidis Food positioning - diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and abdominal pain
84
What type of microorganism causes Dengue fever?
Virus - arbovirus
85
Dengue is the commonest...
Arbovirus
86
What is meant by an 'arbovirus'?
Comes from mosquitos
87
Name some common symptoms of Dengue fever
Rash Severe myalgia Headache Fever
88
The first infection as a result of dengue ranges from ___________ to ___________ febrile illness
Asymptomatic Severe
89
How long does the first infection from Dengue typically last for? How does it progress? How is treated?
1-5 days Improves 3-4 days after rash Supportive treatments
90
Re-infection with a different serotype of Dengue following first infection can result in... (2)
Dengue haemorrhagic fever | Dengue shock syndrome
91
Myiasis is as a result of which organism?
Fly larva
92
What type of virus is Ebola?
Filovirus
93
What symptoms can result from infection with Ebola? What can this lead to?
Flu-like symptoms, vomiting, diarrhoea, headaches, confusion, rash Internal and external bleeding at 5-7 days
94
When does the internal/external bleeding that occurs as result of Ebola take place?
At 5-7 days
95
How is Ebola spread? What is though to be its initial source?
Direct contact with bodily fluids Bats
96
What type of virus is Zika virus?
Arbovirus
97
Which type of mosquito transmits Zika virus?
Aedes mosquito
98
As well as by mosquito, how else can Zika virus spread?
By sexual transmission
99
Is there a treatment or vaccine for Zika virus?
No
100
What serious consequences can Zika virus lead to when pregnant women are infected? (2)
Congenital microcephaly | Foetal loss
101
How many malaria films are taken when investigating potential malaria? How many blood cultures?
3 2

Infection (10 decks)

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