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CV System - Alex's Cards (ESA2) > Session 2 Lectures > Flashcards

Session 2 Lectures Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What are capacitance vessels?

A

Vessels that enable the system to vary the amount of blood pumped around body
Too much blood - blood stored here
Not enough blood - obtain from here

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2
Q

What are resistance vessels?

A

Vessels that restrict blood flow to drive supply to areas of the body that most need it

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3
Q

At rest where does the majority of our blood supply?

A

GI tract

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4
Q

When exercising where does the majority of our blood supply?

A

Muscles

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5
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction and ejection of blood from ventricles

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6
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation and filling of ventricles

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7
Q

Name the veins, arteries and valves in the right side of the heart

A 
Veins = superior and inferior vena cava 
Arteries = pulmonary trunk supplying left and right pulmonary arteries 
Valves = tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve
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8
Q

Name the veins, arteries

and valves of the left side of the heart

A 
Veins = pulmonary veins 
Arteries = ascending aorta (enters the arch of aorta with the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian vein)
Valves = mitral valve and aortic valve
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9
Q

What is the typical pressure (mmhg) on right side of heart?

A

25 systole / 4 diastole

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10
Q

What is the typical pressure (mmhg) on left side of heart?

A

120 systole / 10 diastole

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11
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped per heartbeat

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12
Q

What is approximate stroke volume?

A

70ml per heartbeat

Over 1 minute this is roughly 5L blood

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13
Q

How are cardiac myocytes connected?

A

Via gap junctions

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14
Q

How are mitral and tricuspid valves attached to papillary muscles?

A

Via chordae tendineae

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15
Q

What are pacemaker cells and where are they?

A

Specialised myocytes that can conduct an action potential

Located in sinoatrial node

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16
Q

Why is there a delay in action potential spread at atrioventricular node?

A

To allow time for atrium to stop contracting before ventricles do

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17
Q

Where does action potential travel to from the AV node?

A

Down the Bundle of His (left and right bundle branches) to Purkinje fibres

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18
Q

As heart rate increases what changes - systole or diastole?

A

Diastole time decreases

Systole always remains the same

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19
Q

How many stages to the cardiac cycle are there and what stage do we begin at?

A

7 stages

Start at atrial contraction

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20
Q

What is phase 1 of the cardiac cycle?

Describe what you may see on the graph at this stage

A 
Atrial contraction (part of diastole)
The A wave = atrial pressure rises
Small increases in LV volume = blood is being topped up as over 80% full from ventricle filling 
The P wave = in ECG is onset of atrial depolarisation
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21
Q

What is the end diastolic volume?

A

The maximal volume of the ventricles

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22
Q

What is phase 2 of the cardiac cycle?

Describe what you may see on the graph at this stage

A 
Isovolumetric contraction (part of systole)
Mitral valve closes when LV pressure is greater than LA pressure
C wave = in atrial pressure 
Isovolumetric = no change in ventricular volume as mitral valve closed 
QRS complex in ECG = onset of LV depolarisation 
S1 on phonocardiogram = closing of mitral valve
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23
Q

What is phase 3 of the cardiac cycle?

Describe what you may see on the graph at this stage

A

Rapid ejection (part of systole)
Aortic valve opens when LV pressure is greater than LA
X descent (after C wave) on atrial pressure = where pressure decreases as LA is pulled down during LV contraction
Decrease in LV volume as blood ejected

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24
Q

At phase 3 of the cardiac cycle what valves are open and closed?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves open

Mitral and tricuspid valves closed

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25
What valves are open and closed during phase 1 of cardiac cycle?
Mitral and tricuspid open | Aortic and pulmonary closed
26
What valves are open and closed during phase 2 of cardiac cycle?
All valves closed (isovolumetric = no change in volume)
27
What is phase 4 of the cardiac cycle? | Describe what you may see on the graph at this stage
``` Reduced ejection (part of systole) Decline in LV pressure as LV repolarises V Wave in atrial pressure = atrial pressure gradually rises from venous return T wave of ECG = LV repolarisation ```
28
What valves are open and closed during Phase 4?
Aortic and pulmonary open | Mitral and tricuspid closed
29
What is phase 5 of the cardiac cycle? | Describe what you may see on the graph at this stage
Isovolumetric relaxation (part of diastole) When LV pressure falls below aortic pressure aortic valve closes S2 on phonocardiogram (sound 2) Diacrotic notch in aortic pressure = increase as valve closes Ventricular volume same = all valves closed LV pressure rapid decline
30
Which valves are open and closed during phase 5 of cardiac cycle?
All valves closed (isovolumetric)
31
How do you calculate stroke volume?
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
32
What is phase 6 of the cardiac cycle? | Describe what you may see on the graph at this stage
Rapid filling (part of diastole) Y descent on atrial pressure = fall of pressure as mitral valve opens When LV pressure falls below LA pressure the mitral valve opens Increase in LV volume
33
When can S3 sometimes be heard and what does this mean?
During stage 6 = rapid filling Sometimes S3 is heard during ventricular filling Can often be heard in children but not in adults. In adults = sign of pathology e.g. heart failure
34
What is phase 7 of the cardiac cycle? | Describe what you may see on the graph at this stage
``` Reduced filling (part of diastole) Left ventricular volume only slowly rising as ventricle reaches maximum volume (end diastolic volume) ```
35
What valves and open and closed during phase 6 of cardiac cycle?
Mitral and tricuspid = open | Aortic and pulmonary = closed
36
What valves are open and closed during phase 7 of cardiac cycle?
Mitral and tricuspid = open | Aortic and pulmonary = closed
37
What side to most valve failures occur on?
Left
38
What is valve stenosis?
Valve doesn't open enough = obstruction to blood flow
39
What is valve regurgitation?
Valve doesn't close all the way = back leakage of blood
40
Give 3 possible causes of aortic stenosis
1. Senile calcification/fibrosis (due to old age) 2. Congenital = bicuspid valve rather than tricuspid 3. Rheumatic fever
41
What is damage to RBCs called and how might it occur?
Shear stress | From aortic valve stenosis
42
What can aortic stenosis lead to?
``` LV hypertrophy (increased pressure) Left sided heart failure - can lead to angina (not enough blood to heart) ```
43
Give 2 causes of aortic valve regurgitation
1. Aortic root dilation (leaflets pulled apart) | 2. Rheumatic fever (damages valve)
44
Give 3 possible causes of mitral valve regurgitation
1. Damage to papillary muscle after heart attack 2. Left sided heart failure can stretch valve 3. Rheumatic fever
45
What can cause preload to be increased?
Mitral valve regurgitation = more blood enters ventricle in next cycle
46
What is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis?
Rheumatic fever
47
Describe some of the effects of mitral valve regurgitation
- pulmonary oedema - pulmonary hypertension (both can lead to RV hypertrophy) - stretching of cardiac myocytes in LA can cause atrial fibrillation and oesophagus compression
48
What is the afterload? | What pressure is it equivalent to?
The load the heart must eject blood against - roughly equivalent to aortic pressure
49
What is preload?
Amount the ventricles are stretched during diastole
50
What is total peripheral resistance?
Resistance to blood flow by all systemic vasculature | Majority occurs in arterioles
51
What vessels offer greatest resistance? | What happens to pressure on each side of resistance?
Arterioles offer greatest resistance - the pressure drops as it flows through a resistance Constriction of arterioles increases resistance = pressure increases on arterial side and pressure decreases on venous and capillary side
52
What happens to pressure in arteries and veins when: TPR decreases cardiac output the same
``` Arteries = pressure decreases Veins = pressure increases ```
53
What happens to pressure in arteries and veins when: TPR increases cardiac output same
``` Arteries = pressure increases Veins = pressure decreases ```
54
What happens to pressure in arteries and veins when: CO increases TPR same
``` Arteries = pressure increases Veins = pressure decreases ```
55
What happens to pressure in arteries and veins when: CO decreases TPR stays same
``` Arteries = pressure decreases Veins = pressure increases ```
56
If the tissues need more blood what happens to arterioles and capillary sphincters?
They dilate and TPR falls | This would result in artery pressure dropping - in order to prevent that the heart pumps more to balance the pressure
57
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Stoke volume x Heart rate
58
How do you calculate stroke volume?
End diastolic volume - end systolic volume
59
The ventricles fill during diastole until the pressure is equal to...?
the venous pressure
60
What happens to end diastolic volume when the pressure in the veins increase?
When the venous pressure increases the heart fills more during diastole so EDV increases
61
What is the frank starling law of the heart?
The more the heart fills (muscles are stretched) the harder it contracts
62
What is the normal left ventricle end diastolic pressure?
8 mm/hg
63
What is normal stroke volume?
Approx 70ml
64
What is contractility?
Force of contraction for a given fibre length
65
What extrinsic factors can increases contractility?
Sympathetic stimulation and circulating adrenaline
66
What happens to the left ventricular end diastolic volume when you increase and decrease contractility?
Increase contractility = increased stroke volume and decreased LVEDP Decreased contractility = decreased stroke volume and increased LVEDP
67
What is the aortic impedance?
Pressure in the aorta
68
What happens to the TPR when metabolism increases? | How does this affect cardiac output?
When metabolism increases the TPR decreases to allow more blood to be supplied When TPR decreases arterial pressure decreases and venous pressure increases The heart reacts by pumping more = increases cardiac output so that the arterial pressure rises

CV System - Alex's Cards (ESA2) (9 decks)

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