Session 4 cont

Question 1

Compare mucus membranes and serous membranes

Answer 1

M-
GI respiratory urinary tract
3 layers
also carries…

S-
closed body cavities
line 3 types
exude a lubricating fluid
consists of... 
also carries...

Question 2

Define epithelium

Answer 2

tissues are derived from…

Question 3

What surfaces have epithelial linings?

Answer 3

exterior 1
interior open to exterior 3
interior not open to exterior 5

Question 4

Name the classifications of the epithelial cells

Answer 4

simple 4

stratified/ compound 4

Question 5

What is the structure of the basement membrane?

Answer 5

made up of

nucleus bump

Question 6

Describe the simple squamous epithelia, simple cuboidal, simple columnar

Answer 6

functions?
what body cavities?

functions?
locations? consider the functions within each location too

location?
functions?

Question 7

Describe the function and location of the microvilli

Answer 7

increase SA absorption

why can’t be seen in H and E stains?

Question 8

Describe the function and location of the pseudostratified epithelia

Answer 8

all cells
contact with basement membrane
surface has specialisation

nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi
secretion
particle trapping

Question 9

Describe the mucociliary escalator in detail

Answer 9

above the pseudostratified is viscoelastic mucous blanket
goblet cells
immobilises particles
pharynx lubrication
swallowed

Question 10

How much fluid would you expect to find in each plural cavity?

Answer 10

10ml
the plurae surrounding each lung normally contain about 5ml each
each lung has a separate plural membrane so vol=10ml

Question 11

Describe the function and locations of the stratified squamous epithelia (non-keratinised)

Answer 11

rich in glycogen
maintain low pH
moist areas subject to abrasion

oral cavity
oesophagus
vagina
part of anal canal
surface of cornea
inner surface of eyelid

protection
reduces water loss

Question 12

How do the stratified squamous epithelium differ if they are keratinised?

Answer 12

outermost layer lost their nuclei and cornified
stratum corneum
reduces water loss
prevents toxins
protects abrasion 
microbial colonisation

epidermis primary site

Question 13

What are keratinocytes? How are they made and where?

Answer 13

type of epithelial cells in epidermis 
mitosis in basal
daughters move to surface
lose ability to divide
synthesise keratins 

normal transit time 28-40 days
psoriasis 2-4 days silvery scales

Question 14

What other cells are found in the epidermis?

Answer 14

melanocytes
difficult to see
melanin
pigment of skin

langerhans cells
difficult to see
highly specialised 
present antigens to T cells
immune reactions

Question 15

What is a property of the mature melanosomes?

Answer 15

transferred to keratinocytes
pigment donation
phagocytosis
dendritic processes

Question 16

What are the functions and locations of the stratified squamous keratinised epithelium?

Answer 16

skin
oral cavity

protection abrasion
prevent water loss
prevent microbial ingress
shielding UV damage

Question 17

What are the locations and functions of transitional epithelium?

Answer 17

UI tract

distensibility
protection of underlying tissue

vary in shape from columnar/ cuboidal to flattened

Question 18

Name the six cell surface specialisations

Answer 18

keratin
cilia
goblet cells 
club cells
microfold cells
stereocilia

Question 19

What is the function of the goblet cells? Describe the structure too

Answer 19

lack of cilia on apical surface
have microvilli
mucins release 
exocytosis
water release 

deficiency of chloride ion
sticky and immovable mucus
cystic fibrosis

Question 20

What areas of the body can CF act on?

Answer 20

airways
liver
pancreas
small intestine
reproductive tracts
skin

Question 21

What are the functions of the club cells?

Answer 21

airway side
no cilia/ basal bodies

protect bronchiolar epithelium
detoxify harmful substances
stem cell

Question 22

Describe the microfold cells; where they are found and their functions

Answer 22

small intestine

trap pathogens
present to underlying dendritic cells
present to lymphocytes

have a folded extension 
endocytosis 
generation of strong immune response
represent a weak point
pathogens exploit

Question 23

Where are the stereocilia found?

Answer 23

inner ear
epididymis and vas deferens

contain actin and myosin filaments like cilia

Question 24

What are the two stages of smoking damage? Describe them

Answer 24

early stage

• layer thickens
• cilia die
• ciliagenesis

chronic stage

• GC and BC proliferate
• CC change shape / die
• mutations and malignancy
• pneumocytes die

cell renewal rates
1-2 months
8 days
GC 10 days
CC never

Question 25

Describe acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD and asthma

Answer 25

AB-
cough
reduced lung function
excess mucus in lung passages

CB-
chronic inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
irreparable damage to bronchioles and alveoli

E-
damage to air sac
loss of elastic recoil
changes to size of alveoli

COPD-
umbrella condition

A-
bronchospasm
obstruction from mucus
narrowing of conducting airways