Session 5 ++:

Question 1

Blood clots:

Answer 1

• are formed by a series of chemical reactions that result in the formation of a netlike structure
• the net, or framework of the clot is made up of protein fibers called fibrin
• the fibrin net catches large particles in the blood such as RBCs and platelets forming a blood clot
• blood clot seals off the opening in the injured blood vessel and stops the bleeding

Question 2

Anticoagulation:

Answer 2

• mechanisms to prevent clot formation include smooth lining in blood vessels and heparin
• heparin is secreted by mast cells, concentrated in sites where the blood moves slowly and at risk of clotting clot, such as the liver and lungs

Question 3

When clotting is a problem:

Answer 3

• a blood clot is called a thrombus
• blood clot formation - thrombosis
• the embolus (emboli plural) can lodge in the smaller blood vessel of organs, blocking blood flow resulting in organ damage
• e.g., deep vein thrombosis (DVT0 in the legs can result in an embolus. these embolus travels to the lungs, blocks blood flow and can cause instant death

Question 4

Nonpharmacological, nursing interventions:

Answer 4

Goal:
- promote/maintain adequate hydration
- promote mobility
Action:
- encourage fluids
- check fluid balance
- teach and reinforce prophylactic exercise
- early mobilization following surgery
- encourage deep breathing
Rationale:
- reduce blood viscosity
- prevent haemostasias associated with bed rest and lack of pumping action of skeletal muscles to promote venous return

Question 5

Anticoagulant medications:

Answer 5

• anticoagulants are administered to help prevent the clot formation
• Heparin acts as an antithrombin agent
• Warfarin inhibits clotting by interfering with supply of Vitamin K that the liver requires to synthesise prothrombin

Question 6

Types of insulin:

Answer 6

• rapid onset fast acting
  Examples - Insulin glulisine, lispro or aspart
• short, intermediate or long acting
• mixed

Question 7

Anti-emetic medications:

Answer 7

• Metoclopramide (Maxolon)
• Prochlorperazine
• Ondansetron (Zofran)

Question 8

Antipsychotic drugs:

Answer 8

• partially effective against symptoms of schizophrenia.
• decrease of hallucinations, delusions, emotion, aggression
  Adverse reactions:
• GIT upset
• movement and cardiovascular disorders
• dizziness, sleepiness, nasal congestion
• blurred vision, weight gain

Question 9

Cortisol:

Answer 9

• has an anti-inflammatory effect by preventing injured tissue from the inflammatory response of:
• redness, heat, swelling and pain
  Uses:
• inflammation associated with a number of disease process
• inflammation associated with some injuries and surgeries
• severe allergic reactions
  Administration:
• can be administered via IM and SC in emergency situations or when unable to take medications orally