Session 7

Question 1

What does the Engagement function do?

Answer 1

Engagement introduces alignment or distance from opinion or statements.

Question 2

Why is engagement important?

Answer 2

1. Helps us unpack opinions when they are not expressed through Attitude resources or when they express agreement or disagreement with an Attitude resource.
2. Can see what the author’s position is and how he/she/they feels about other positions
3. These resources are often used to manipulate audiences to
   support political or ideological positions
4. Is incredibly important when citing the work of others in our
   own writing

Question 3

How does engagement work?

Answer 3

1. Engagement either shuts down space for other interpretations and allows no alternatives. The utterance is presented as true or uncontested. (Monoglossic)
2. Engagement opens up space for other interpretations or expresses the subjectivity of the speaker. (Heteroglossic)

Question 4

What are the characteristics of monoglossic statements?

Answer 4

1. A common type of utterance is a straightforward statement
2. These are bare assertions - they offer little sensitivity to other perspectives, values or possibilities.
3. Overuse of bare assertations closes down the possibility for interaction.

Question 5

What are the characteristics of heteroglossic statements?

Answer 5

They can be use to contract or expand the possibilities of other viewpoints

Question 6

What does it mean for heteroglossic statements to expand?

Answer 6

Expanding heteroglossic statements make allowances for or entertain alternative positions and open the space for other perspectives.

Question 7

What does it mean for a heteroglossic statement to contract?

Answer 7

Contracting heteroglossic statements act to challenge or restrict the scope of alternative positions, narrowing in on specific viewpoints, and contracting the space for other perspectives.

Question 8

What are typical linguistic realizations of Expanding heteroglossical statements?

Answer 8

Question 9

How does contracting in heteroglossic statements work?

Answer 9

The statement contracts the space by excluding certain alternatives or at least constraining them by either disclaiming or proclaiming.

Question 10

What does Disclaiming (Disclaim) refer to?

Answer 10

To the ways alternatives are rejected directly in contracting heteroglossic statements.

Question 11

What are typical linguistic realizations of disclaiming in contracting heteroglossic statements?

Answer 11

1. Negation
2. Contrastive linking adverbials or conjunctions
3. Contrastive prepositional phrases

Question 12

What does Proclaiming (Proclaim) refer to?

Answer 12

1. To the ways alternatives are confronted or challenged in cintracting heteroglossic statements.
2. Or they are formulation which overtly announce the addresser is agreeing with the alternative.

Question 13

What are typical linguistic realizations of proclaiming contracting heteroglossic statements?

Answer 13

Question 14

How do Disclaim and Proclaim interact between eachother?

Answer 14

1. These two engagement moves are often used together as a “rhetorical pair”.
2. First the author proclaims an alternative, only to disclaim it immediately after.

Question 15

What are questions that we can ask ourselves when analyzing monoglossic and heteroglossic statements?

Answer 15

1. Is the author including other perspectives or alternative in their writing?
2. Are they including other alternatives to expand the dialogic space? (entertain, attribute) Why do they do so?
3. Are they including other alternatives to contract the dialogic space (disclaim or proclaim)? Why do they do so?

Question 16

How are engagement values graded?

Answer 16

Question 17

What does Modality do?

Answer 17

Modality describes the linguistic resources that allow a speaker
to talk about possible situations by commenting on either the
level of certainty or the level of desirability.

Question 18

Which two types of modality are there?

Answer 18

1. Epistemic modality: assesment of validity of the statement.
2. Deontic modality: assesment of the desirability of the statement.

Question 19

What does Epistemic modality include?

Answer 19

1. Certainty
2. Probability
3. Frequency
4. Possibility

Question 20

What does Deontic modality include?

Answer 20

1. Obligation
2. Desirability
3. Inclination
4. Permission.

Question 21

What can Modality be used for?

Answer 21

Modality can be used to expand or contract an utterance, create distance or closeness with the audience, and/or show the writer’s degree of certainty (hedging).

Question 22

What is modality influenced by?

Answer 22

Degree of modality used by speakers or writers in different types of texts is influenced both by the speaker or writer’s commitment to their point of view as well as how they view their relative status in relation to their audience.

Question 23

What is Hedging?

Answer 23

Hedging is the action of intentionally introducing indecisiveness about a statement, rather than showing full confidence or decisiveness.

Question 24

Why do authors use hedging?

Answer 24

Authors do this so that they leave space open to be wrong of for a perspective they are including to be wrong.

Question 25

What are linguistic resources of modality?

Answer 25

Question 26

What are the typical linguistic resources of epistmic and deontic modiality?

Answer 26

Question 27

How can we ask for Epistemic modality?

Answer 27

How likely or certain is something?

Question 28

How can we ask for Deontic modality?

Answer 28

How much do we have to do something?

Question 29

How is objectivity expressed through modality?

Answer 29

Question 30

What are questions that we can ask ourselves when analyzing modality?

Answer 30

1. What is being presented with a degree of certainty or frequency? 2. What is being presented with a degree of obligation or inclination? 3. Why did the author make those choices? 4. When do you think you would use more epistemic or deontic modality?

Question 31

How do you write a findings paragraph?

Answer 31

1. Make a general statement that introduces the analysis. 2. {Put a placeholder for a quote / definition.} 3. Make a statement about the dominant pattern(s) in the text - Give example(s) - Explain why 3. (repeat for as many important patterns as necessary) 4. [Make a statement about any (interesting) outlier(s) – if any! -Give example(s) -And why 5. Conclude the paragraph

Question 32

What wasthe wrap-up for the third session?

Answer 32

1. Speakers and writers who persuade effectively draw on patterns of expanding and contracting resource (engagement) and present certainty and obligation (modality). 2. People still use bare assertions in writing, but too many monoglossic statements create a text the reader can't engage with. 3. Graduation can also be part of Engagement and Modality.

Question 33

What was on the Quick review slides for the analysis of the appraisal system?

Answer 33

Question 34

What was on the second of the Quick review slides for the analysis of the appraisal system?

Answer 34