Session 9-16

Question 1

What does growth mean for unicellular organisms

Answer 1

Growth for unicellular organisms means there is an increase in the number

Question 2

What do you need for successful microbe cultivation

Answer 2

You need to know the nutritional requirements of the microbe. So a source of energy, mineral nutrients, and certain growth factors

Question 3

What is a culture medium?

Answer 3

It is a solid or liquid substance that has the substances required for microbes to grow. It has water, a source of energy, mineral nutrients, and certain growth factors

Question 4

What are the classes of culture media

Answer 4

Defined medium, complex or undefined medium, and differential culture medium

Question 5

What is a differential culture medium?

Answer 5

It has an indicator that is normally a dye that will detect particular chemical reactions that happen during culture growth

Question 6

What are some other factors that affect culture growth?

Answer 6

pH, temperature, and light

Question 7

What is a liquid medium

Answer 7

It is a culture growth environment where all the things a microbe needs are inside a solvent. Microbes can grow super fast but it hard to identify them

Question 8

What is a solid medium

Answer 8

It is an environment where all the things the microbe needs are in a liquid medium that has solidified Agar is a solidifying substance used in solid mediums

Question 9

What is a solid medium

Answer 9

It is an environment where all the things the microbe needs are in a liquid medium that has solidified Agar is a solidifying substance used in solid mediums

Question 10

What is Agar

Answer 10

Agar is a solid medium solidifier that is mixed into a liquid at high temperature then poured into sterile container where it solidifies the medium

Question 11

What is a CFU and what does it stand for?

Answer 11

CFU stands for Colony Forming Unit which is the total number of microbial cells in a sample a cell is noted by the number of colonies on the culture

Question 12

What’s the difference between pure culture and contaminated culture

Answer 12

A pure culture has one type of microbe in it while contaminated has multiple microbes on there

Question 13

What is a biosafety cabinet

Answer 13

It protects the worker from the microbes being used as well as keeping the microbes inside the cabinet free from any other microbes so it can remain a pure culture

Question 14

What are storage methods for microbial cultures

Answer 14

There are short term storages like laboratory fridges, and long term freeze-drying

Question 15

What are the two microbes that cant grow on synthetic cultures

Answer 15

Viruses, and prions

Question 16

If viruses cant be cultivated in synthetic cultures how are they cultivated

Answer 16

A host cell is first cultured then infected with viruses so that the viruses can replicate. When the host cell bursts the viruses that come out from it will form clusters known as plaques

Question 17

What is decontamination

Answer 17

Decontamination is when materials have been rid of any microbes so that the materials are safe to handle

Question 18

What is sterilization

Answer 18

Sterilization is killing all microbes present on an object

Question 19

What is disinfection

Answer 19

Disinfection is killing some but not all microbes on a surface

Question 20

What is pasteurization

Answer 20

It is when heat is used to kill microbes in milk to make it safe for ingesting

Question 21

What are factors that affect microbial growth control

Answer 21

The surface or environment to which the microbes are on the meaning you won’t use the same decontamination tool for different surfaces and another would be the type of microbe ou are treating

Question 22

What are the two categories of controlling microbe growth

Answer 22

Physical measures and chemical measures

Question 23

What are the physical microbial control methods

Answer 23

Heat(dry heat, wet heat, incineration), radiation,

filtration,

Question 24

What’s the difference between dry heat sterilization vs wet heat sterilization

Answer 24

Dry heat uses a lot of heat in a chamber to kill the microbes while wet heat is where microbes in an autoclave which uses steam and penetrate the microbes killing them

Question 25

Why is pressure important in autoclaves

Answer 25

It allows for the temperature to reach that 100 degrees celsius as well as it causes the steam to penetrate the cellular structure of the microbes

Question 26

What is incineration

Answer 26

Incineration is using very high temperatures that can reach up to 1000 degrees celsius used specifically for tools in contact with prions

Question 27

What is radiation and what is it used for and what are its limitations?

Answer 27

Radiation refers to UV light or energy that is able to destroy genetic material. It is often used to decontaminate surfaces. It has low penetration power which is why its only used for surfaces

Question 28

What is filtration

Answer 28

Filtration is when things are passed through a filter with pores too small for microbes to pass through to a certain target environment

Question 29

What is cold sterilization

Answer 29

Cold sterilization is a form of chemical decontamination it uses deadly gases to sterilize objects

Question 30

What are self disinfecting surfaces

Answer 30

They are surfaces made out of certain metals like copper and silver that can kill pathogens. Copper is able to react with oxygen radicals that can damage microbe DNA while silver can bind with cell walls destroying the cells.

Question 31

What do static, lytic, and cidal refer to

Answer 31

They are suffixes for antimicrobial agents. Static is a drug that will inhibit the growth of the microbes so the population is static. Lytic suffix refers to the killing of microbial cells by degrading them. Cidal refers to the cells dying but the structure remains intact,

Question 32

What are tetracyclines

Answer 32

They are antimicrobial drugs with 4 carbon rings

Question 33

What is the mode of action of actinomycin

Answer 33

It makes sure the mRNA isn't long enough for the cell to use it

Question 34

What are growth factor analogs and what is an example

Answer 34

Growth factor analogs are similar to growth factors but do not function inside the cells it's like eating fake food. Isozainid is an example of a growth factor analog that only works in mycobacteria

Question 35

What are growth factor analogs and what is an example

Answer 35

Growth factor analogs are similar to growth factors but do not function inside the cells it's like eating fake food. Isozainid is an example of a growth factor analog that only works in mycobacteria

Question 36

What is the purpose of culturing microorganisms?

Answer 36

Since microorganisms normally can't be studied in their natural habitat they need to be cultured to be studied more effectively

Question 37

What are interferons

Answer 37

Interferons are proteins that stimulate antiviral proteins in uninfected cells

Question 38

What are some things that antifungal drugs target?

Answer 38

Things like the fungal version of cholesterol (ergosterol), we can target the cell wall since human cells dint have a cell wall,

Question 39

What is minimum inhibitory concentration

Answer 39

This is the minimum drug needed in order to inhibit the growth of the microbe

Question 40

What is a zone of inhibition?

Answer 40

It is the space that is clear around the antimicrobial disc to where there are no microbes near so the greater the better

Question 41

What are the short term solutions for antibiotic resistance

Answer 41

Using antimicrobial drugs only when they are needed, better education of physicians to properly prescribe drugs, combining drugs,

Question 42

What is an example of a drug combination

Answer 42

B lactamase is a drug that some staphylococcus have grown resistant to because they have an enzyme that renders the drug useless so lactamase is combined with something that destroys the enzyme so that lactamase can affect the bacteria again

Question 43

What are the long term solutions for drug resistance

Answer 43

Developing new antimicrobial drugs which are time-consuming and expensive or the less expensive solution of modifying current antimicrobial

Question 44

What are bioinformatic tools

Answer 44

There are tools that can be used to design molecules to interact with specific microbial structures

Question 45

What is nanotechnology

Answer 45

This is when drugs are put inside very small particles that wouldn't be able to enter the microbe without the particle

Question 46

What do bacteriophages have to do with drug resistance?

Answer 46

With some drug-resistant bacteria, bacteriophages can be used to kill those bacteria.