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Clinical Imaging and Diagnosis > Session One > Flashcards

Session One Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what Radio dense/Radiopaque is?

A

Light/white area on the radiograph due to presence of dense objects in paths of photons that are strong absorbers e.g., metal replacement

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2
Q

Describe what Radiolucent is?

A

dark/black area on the radiograph due to maximum number of photons passing through the object e.g., air

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3
Q

What is contrast?

A

The degree of difference between adjacent densities

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4
Q

What is Density?

A

Radiographic density is dependent on amount of radiation received and refers to the degree of darkening of an exposed radiograph e.g.,
- white areas = no density
- black areas = maximum density

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5
Q

What condition could have Uniform joint space loss?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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6
Q

What condition could have Non - Uniform joint space loss?

A

Osteoarthritis

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of arthritis?

A

Inflammatory
Degenerative
Metabolic

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8
Q

What is an example of a local congenital segmental defect?

A

Block vertebrae

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9
Q

What is an example of a generalised congenital skeletal anomoly?

A

Achondroplasia

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10
Q

Name 2 examples of trauma

A

Fracture / Dislocation

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11
Q

What different types of fractures are there when looking on an x-ray?

A

complete/incomplete; spiral; oblique; transverse; comminuted ( more than 3 separate pieces)

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12
Q

Name 2 bone marrow disorders

A

Anaemia
Leukaemia

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13
Q

What is a condition associated with lack of blood supply?

A

Avascular necrosis

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14
Q

Name a bone infection

A

Osteomyelitis

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15
Q

Name a joint infection

A

Septic arthritis

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16
Q

What are the main two types of tumours?

A

Malignant or benign

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17
Q

What conditions can be as a result of Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic?

A

Osteoporosis / Osteomalacia / Rickets / Scurvy / Hyperparathyroidism / Steroids use

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18
Q

Name 2 conditions that calcifications indicate in pathology?

A

Lupus or scleroderma

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19
Q

What could swelling on a radiograph indicate?

A

Inflammation / bleeding

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20
Q

What is the pneumonic - CATBITES?

A

C – Congenital
A – Arthritis
T – Trauma
B – Blood
I – Infection
T – Tumours
E – Endocrine, Nutritional, Metabolic
S – Soft Tissue

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21
Q

What is the pneumonic - VINDICATE?

A

V – Vascular
I – Infection / Inflammatory
N – Neoplastic
D – Degenerative / Deficiency / Drugs
I – Idiopathic / Intoxication / Iatrogenic
C – Congenital
A – Autoimmune / Allergic / Anatomic
T – Traumatic
E – Endocrine / Metabolic

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22
Q

What condition is most common inflammatory arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

23
Q

Name a degenerative arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

24
Q

Do patients with Osteoporosis have a high or low bone density?

A

Low

25
Q

Do people with Osteoporosis have more brittle bones compared to those without the condition?

A

Yes

26
Q

If people with osteoporosis have brittle bones, is the first point of treatment to be doing manipulation?

A

No

27
Q

What are the ABCDS?

A

A - Anatomy, Alignment & Articular
B - Bone
C - Cartilage
D - Deformity, Density &Distribution
S - Soft Tissue

28
Q

Is the radiolucent area on the radiograph light or dark?

A

Dark

29
Q

Is the radiodense area on the radiograph light or dark?

A

Light

30
Q

Is the radiopaque area on the radiograph light or dark?

A

Light

31
Q

What are the 5 areas/shades for density?

A

Air
Fat
Water
Bone
Metal

32
Q

On an x-ray, which material is darkest?

A

Air

33
Q

On an x-ray, which material is lightest?

A

Metal

34
Q

What are the 4 important things to write in a report?

A
  • Location
  • Side - R/L
  • Severity - Mild, Moderate, Severe
  • Diagnosis
35
Q

When assessing a radiograph, what should you NOT do first?

A

Do not think of a diagnosis first - look at the signs and see where the evidence leads

36
Q

What are you looking for with Articular in an x-ray?

A

Erosions.
Localisation: marginal - bare area or subchondral

37
Q

What are you looking for when looking at Bones on an X-ray?

A

Any Productive changes i.e osteophyte formation, scelrosis subchondral, enthesophyte or spur formation, syndesmophytes and chondrocalcinosis

Diminished bone density - osteoporosis (non-focal), osteomyelitis (focal), cyst formation

38
Q

What are you looking for when looking at Cartilage on an X-ray?

A

Joint space narrowing

39
Q

What are you looking for in distribution on an x-ray?

A

Symmetric v asymmetric
Proximal vs peripheral (small or large joints)
Monarticular, polyarticular

40
Q

What are the E - Extra Findings?

A

Demographics (age and sex)
Systemic symptoms or laboratory data

41
Q

What are you looking for under soft tissue on an x-ray?

A

Deformity, swelling
massing (nodules, calcifications, urate crystals)

42
Q

What are marginal erosions?

A

They occur at the bare area of the joint, where the bone is not covered by articular cartilage. They are typically seen in rheumatoid arthritis (MCP-joints) and psoriatic arthritis (DIP).
They present with small, round erosions.

43
Q

What are subchondral erosions?

A

They occur at the subchondral bone plate of the articular surfaces. They are a typical feature of erosive osteoarthritis.
They present like jagged edges

44
Q

What is a gullwing deformity?

A

In erosive osteoarthritis the combination of central erosions and osteophytes results in a gullwing deformity

45
Q

What is pencil in cup deformity?

A

In psoriatic arthritis the combination of marginal erosions and bone proliferation can result in a pencil-in-cup deformity

46
Q

What are Peri- or juxtaarticular erosions?

A

Gout erosions are a bit more eccentric juxta-articular located, where the joint capsule attaches to the bone. They are most often seen in the MTP1-joint.

47
Q

What is the typical erosion pattern of RA?

A

Typical marginal erosions in MCP-joints.

48
Q

What is the typical erosion pattern of Erosive Osteoarthritis?

A

Subchondral erosions in DIP- and PIP-joints. The concurrent formation of osteophytes results in a gull-wing deformity.

49
Q

What is the typical erosion pattern of Gout?

A

Eccentric erosion with an overhanging edge.

50
Q

What is the typical erosion pattern of Infection?

A

Destructive changes with cartilage loss and erosions.

51
Q

What is the typical erosion pattern of Psoriatic arthritis?

A

Bony erosions narrowed the end of the proximal phalange as a “pencil”, which rests in the “cup” formed by the expanded base of the distal phalanx as a result of bony proliferations.

52
Q

What is the typical erosion pattern of Scleroderma?

A

And other multisystem disorders can produce erosions at the distal tufts, this is called acro-osteolysis.

53
Q

How do you tell the difference between RA and OA?

A

Osteophytes are only present in OA, no erosions. Most often in weight bearing joints. OA=Non uniform joint loss

RA = Uniform joint loss. Marginal erosions predominantly in MCP-joints and the carpus, not in DIP-joints. No bone proliferation.

Clinical Imaging and Diagnosis (16 decks)

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