Set 0: Perspectives & Research Methods

Question 1

The Brain

Answer 1

Neuroscience (Biological)

Question 2

How humans and animals evolved over a LONG period of time

Darwin, Evolution, Natural Selection,

Answer 2

Evolutionary (Biological)

Question 3

Your inborn traits (nature) vs your learned experiences (nurture)

Answer 3

Behavior Genetics (Biological)

Question 4

The Unconscious

Unconscious, Freud

Answer 4

Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic

Question 5

LEARNING through behavior, not thinking

Learning, rewards, punishments, skinner, poview, watson

Answer 5

Behavioral

Question 6

Emphasis on THINKING not behavior

Thinking, memory, intelligence, language

Answer 6

Cognitive

Question 7

The impact your culture or area has on your thinking and behavior

Any time you get an example where they show persons heritage/area impacting them

Answer 7

Social-Cultural

Question 8

Free will, love, acceptance, being the best you can be (HIPPY)

Free will, healthy growth potential, Maslow, Rodgers

Answer 8

Humanistic

Question 9

Many people believe that they can rely in their _________ and __________ __________, but these methods can lead to wrong conclusions, this Psychology is needed.

Answer 9

intuition, common sense

Question 10

When people believe that they could have predicted the outcome of an event after it has happened is known as _________ _________.

Ex: After the bucks won the championship back in 2021, Me saying that I knew that all along

Answer 10

Hindsight Bias

Question 11

When someone thinks they know more then they actually do is known as _____________.

Ex: Me thinking I could have solved the anagrams in under a minute: TAEWR = WATER

Answer 11

Overconfidence

Question 11

The scientific attitude of _______ (passion to explore), _________ (doubting and questioning), and _______ (ability to accept responsibility when wrong).

Answer 11

Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility

Question 12

_________ __________ does not accept arguments and conclusions blindly.

Answer 12

Critical Thinking

Question 13

A ______ is an explanation that connects, organizes and predicts behavior or events.

Answer 13

Theory

Question 14

A ___________ is a testable prediction often set up by a theory. It allows us to reject, or revise our theory.

Answer 14

Hypothesis

Question 15

The degree to which is a study can be disproven is called its levels of _____________.

Answer 15

Falsfibility

Question 16

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of __________ (what we do) and __________ _________ (inner thoughts and feelings).

Answer 16

Behavior, mental processes

Question 17

Sometimes researchers will start with a ____ ____________ which is a prediction that there is no relationship between the two variable being studied.

Answer 17

Null Hypothesis

Question 18

Through _______ we can test our hypothesis.

Running a experiment: _____

Case study, survey, naturalistic observation, correlations: _____

Answer 18

Research

Experimental

Non-experimental

Question 19

A good __________ __________ gives a specific measurable quantity to a variable so that others can repeat a study, known as __________.

Answer 19

Operational Definition

Replication

Question 20

A _____ _______ is a technique where one person is studied in depth.

Answer 20

Case study

Question 21

A ______ is a technique of questioning a representative sample of people to find out: attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.

Answer 21

Survey

Question 22

The _______ ________ refers to the fact that the way a survey is worded can effect how people answer it.

Answer 22

Wording effect

Question 23

The _______-________ _______ happens when people don’t accurately report or remember their behavior.

Answer 23

Self-report bias

Question 24

If you overestimate the extent to which others are similar to you are using the _______ ____________ ________.

Answer 24

False consensus effect

Question 25

Whole group to be studied = ______________________ The actual people studied = ______________________ If everyone has an equal chance to be studied = _________________

Answer 25

Population Sample Random Sample

Question 26

__________ ______ occurs when an experimenter has a sample group that doesn't exist. A good sample should allow you to __________ that the findings you discovered in the lab will also apply to the outside world.

Answer 26

Sampling bias Generalize

Question 27

When you break apart your sample by some predetermined important criteria first (age, race, gender) and then we do a random sample we call a ______________ _________.

Answer 27

Stratified sample

Question 28

When you observe and report about animals or humans in their natural environments it Is known as ___________ ________.

Answer 28

Naturalistic observation

Question 29

______ __________ consist of experts in the field who can look over your work for originality and accuracy.

Answer 29

Peer reviewers

Question 30

When one trait or behavior pairs with another we say the two _________.

Answer 30

Correlate

Question 31

We represent correlations lie this: R= +0.37 or R= -0.65 R= __________ _____________ (+) or (-) = ____________ ____________ __ _____________ Number= __________ ___________ ___ _____________.

Answer 31

Correlation coefficient Indicate direction of relationship Indicates strength of relationship

Question 32

A ___________ is a graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables.

Answer 32

Scatterplot

Question 33

The ____ _________ _________ occurs when there is a variable we aren't aware of that is affecting two other variable, making it look like there is a relationship between them.

Answer 33

3rd Variable Problem

Question 34

WARNING: Just because you have found a ____________ between 2 things doesn't mean that one necessarily caused the other.

Answer 34

Correlation

Question 35

Beleving a relationship between two variables where no relationship actually exists is known as ________ __________.

Answer 35

Illusory correlation

Question 36

BE CAREFUL: Given random data we may try to look for ______________ _____________ even when there aren't any! Remember, given large numbers of random outcomes it may give the illusion of order. Eventually any unusal occurrences will even out over time. The phenomenon is known as _________ ________ ___ ________.

Answer 36

Meaningful patterns Regression towards the mean

Question 37

__________ are the backbone of psychological research because through it we can try to find cause and effect relationships.

Answer 37

Experiments

Question 38

In experimentation we separate our groups into the __________, the groups receiving the drug/treatment and _________, the group not receiving the drug/treatment. Everything else stays the same.

Answer 38

Experimental Control

Question 39

An ___________ __________ is the factor that we manipulate. The that factor may change because of the ________ _________ is known as the ________ _________.

Answer 39

Independent Variable Independent Variable Dependant Variable

Question 40

__________ __________: Number based results __________ __________: Not number based, narrative based

Answer 40

Quantitative Results Qualitative Results

Question 41

Only two variables that should be present during the experiment, the IV and DV. A variable that we don't want to show up is called a __________ variable.

Answer 41

Confounding

Question 42

The people in the control group are different in some way from the experimental group are called _______-_________ _________ ____________. EX: First 50 people vs last 50 people The situation the control group goes through than the experimental group goes through are called a __________-________ __________ __________. EX: Distractions, time of day, environment

Answer 42

Participant-relevant confounding variables Situation-relevant confounding variables

Question 43

Many things can ruin the results of an experiment. A few of these include the __________ _________: The subjects believe in the experiment will work, so their minds make it work, ________ _________: The person running the experiment affect the results in a way that benefits them, ______ _________ _______: The participant in an experiment acts like they believe they are "supposed to act", ___________ ___________: People change their behavior just because they know that they are being watched.

Answer 43

Placebo effect Experimenter Bias Social Desirability Bias Hawthorne Effect

Question 44

The goal is to make your results ___________ meaning what you found in the lab applies to people outside of your lab.

Answer 44

Generalizable

Question 45

_______-________ ________: The subject doesn't know what group they are in. _______-________ ________: The subject and experimenter doesn't know which group each subject is in.

Answer 45

Single-blind procedure Double-blind procedure

Question 46

By using ________ _________, which means giving each person an equal chance to be in either group, it will allow for the best results.

Answer 46

Random assignment

Question 47

Stats that represent the data you found (mean, median, mode, range, histogram, percentile rank, etc) Stats predict how generalizable your numbers are / statistical significance, p value, etc

Answer 47

Descriptive Status Inferential Status

Question 48

A _______ is a bar graph that examines the results of a study.

Answer 48

Histogram

Question 49

A ___________ _____ is a measure of the percent of scores lower than the given score.

Answer 49

Percentile rank

Question 50

Measures of _________ _________: Mean: Average Median: Middle Number Mode: Most Frequently Used

Answer 50

Central Tendency

Question 51

A ________ _________ occurs when you scores lack symmetry. YOu have too high or too low of outliers.

Answer 51

Skewed distribution

Question 52

Measures of _________: Range: Difference of highest/lowest scores Standard Deviation: A computed measure of how scores vary about the mean Variance: Standard Deviation Squared

Answer 52

Variation

Question 53

When is an observed difference reliable?

Answer 53

-People you chose aren't bias/represent general population -The greater the sample size, the better -More studies done in the area the better: Meta analysis; combining results of different studies together.