Unit 10: Motivation

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.

Question 2

The 7 Perspectives on Motivation:

Answer 2

1. Instinct Theory
2. Drive-Reduction Theory
3. Incentive Theory
4. Arousal Theory
5. Sensation Seeking Theory
6. Lewin’s Motivational Theory
7. Hierarchy of Motives

Question 3

Instinct Theory

Answer 3

Motivation is something that all organisms are born with. (Tinbergen, 1951).

Question 4

Drive Reduction

Answer 4

The goal of drive reduction theory is homeostasis: where all of your needs are met, but not over met.

Need (food, water, etc) ——->
Drive (hunger, thirst, etc)—–>
Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking, etc)

Question 5

Incentive Theory

Answer 5

Drives are your bodies way of motivating you (eating food because you are hungry), while incentives are Psychological ways your mind motivates you (eating because food looks good).

Question 6

Optimum Arousal

Answer 6

Organisms are motivated to have the most excitement possible. Young monkeys and children and known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive.

Question 7

Sensation Seeking Theory

Answer 7

We are pushed by:
–Experience Seeking (new experiences)
–Thrill or Adventure Seeking (exciting)
–Disinhibition (Inability to withhold unwanted or inappropriate behavior)
–Boredom Susceptibility (Inability to deal with being bored)

Question 8

Lewin’s Motivation Theory

Answer 8

We all deal with conflicts and try to resolve them:
–Approach-Approach Conflict (choosing between two good choices)
–Approach-Avoidance Conflict (choosing to do or not do something that has positives and negatives)
–Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict (choosing between two bad choices)

Question 9

Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 9

Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. (more too)

Question 10

Hierarchy of needs pyramid chart:

Answer 10

1. Physiological Needs
2. Safety Needs
3. Belongingness and Love Needs
4. Esteem Needs
5. Self-actualization Needs

Question 11

Physiological Hunger

Answer 11

Physiological hunger means your body craves food naturally.

Question 12

There are 4 things that make your body crave food naturally:

Answer 12

1. Hunger Pangs (stomach rumblings)
2. Low Blood Sugar
3. The hypothalamus regulates hunger.
4. Hormones can also cause hunger. Ghrelin is a hunger inducing hormone (secreted by an empty stomach). Leptin is a hormone that makes you feel full.

Question 13

Set-Point of Theory

Answer 13

Theory that your brain will make you hungry when you need food and will make you feel full when you don’t.

Question 14

The Psychology of Hunger

Answer 14

Psychological Hunger means that your body ISN’T naturally hungry, or full but your brain is regulating your eating behavior.

Question 15

Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?

Answer 15

Where you live, and what culture you are from help determine how hungry you are, and what kinds of foods you crave and eat.

Question 16

Sexuality

Answer 16

Sexuality is defined as thoughts and actions related to physical attraction to another.

Question 17

Asexual

Answer 17

Asexual is having no sexual attraction to others.

Question 18

Sex

Answer 18

Sex is your biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female and intersex (possessing male and female biological characteristics at birth)

Question 19

Gender

Answer 19

Gender is defined as attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex.

Question 20

Primary Sexual Characteristics

Answer 20

Primary Sexual Characteristics are changes in puberty that aid in reproduction.

Question 21

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Answer 21

Secondary Sexual Characteristics are changes in puberty that don’t aid in reproduction.

Question 22

Sexual orientation

Answer 22

Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same sex, the other sex either sex, or to no sex.

Question 23

homosexuality

Answer 23

liking the same gender

Question 24

Research has been done on both potential nature and nurture influences, but current research points to nature being the more influential factor.

Origins of Sexual Orientation:

Answer 24

1. Homosexuality exists in the animal world.
2. Brain structure tends to look different in gay and straight men.
3. A number of reasons suggest that homosexuality may be due to genetic factors.
   a.) Homosexulity seems to run in families
   b.) Homosexual orientation is more commonly shared in identical twins than fraternal twins.
   c.) Genetic engineers can genetically manipulate fruit flies to change their sexual attraction
4. Prenatal hormones affect sexual orientation during critical periods of fetal development.

Question 25

Affiliation Need

Answer 25

Your Affiliation Need is your need to belong.

Question 26

Evolutionary Psychologists believe that our need to be around others aided in our survival. Why?

Answer 26

--Protecting against predators, especially for the young. --Finding food. --Reproducing offspring.

Question 27

Belongingness

Answer 27

People who tend to have close friends are happier and healthier. Ostracism, or social exclusion can have damaging effects.

Question 28

Self - Determination Theory

Answer 28

1. Competence (We feel we can deal with our environment.) 2. Autonomy (We feel we have personal control) 3. Relatedness (We feel close bonds with others.)

Question 29

Job

Answer 29

Work as a way to make money.

Question 30

Career

Answer 30

Work as a way to move up the social ladder (get promoted).

Question 31

Calling

Answer 31

Work as being socially fulfilling/gratifying.

Question 32

Flow

Answer 32

Flow is the experience between no work and a lot of work. Flow marks immersion into one’s work.

Question 33

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 33

The Yerkes-Dodson Law says moderate arousal is best to excel at tasks.

Question 34

Industrial-organizational (i/o) psychology: Personnel Psychology:

Answer 34

Studies the principles of selecting and evaluating workers.

Question 35

Industrial-organizational (i/o) psychology: Organizational Psychology:

Answer 35

Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.

Question 36

Personnel Psychology

Answer 36

Personnel Psychologists work with companies to hire the right employees for the job.

Question 37

The interviewer illusion

Answer 37

Most employers believe that they are better at hiring quality employees than they actually are. This is known as the interviewer illusion. Thus, personnel psychologists are often needed.

Question 38

Structured Interview

Answer 38

Structured Interview: Interviewing technique where you script all of the interview questions and then grade candidates responses on a predetermined rubric. The high scorer gets hired. This technique can help to reduce bias.

Question 39

Organizational Psychology: Motivating Achievement

Answer 39

An Organizational Psychologist works to motivate the employees that you already have. One goal of Organizational Psychologists is Achievement Motivation, where workers want to do well in their jobs. Hard workers show grit, a passion and perseverence toward a goal.

Question 40

Challenging Goals

Answer 40

Organizational Psychologists work with employees to set goals that are challenging, but also reachable (attainable).

Question 41

Employee Engagement

Answer 41

Another goal is Employee Engagement, where employees feel like they are an important and valuable part of the business.

Question 42

Task Leadership:

Answer 42

Tells employees exactly what needs to get done.

Question 43

Social Leadership:

Answer 43

Work more on group harmony, and lets workers take more responsibility for their own work.

Question 44

Human Factor Psychologists

Answer 44

Human Factor Psychologists are concerned with developing products that are user friendly and safe for humans to use.