set 1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
sequence of nucleotides made up of nucleic acids that code for proteins or Rna molecule or both
A
gene
2
Q
all genetic compliment
A
genome
3
Q
chain of nucleotide (phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base)
A
structure of nucleic acids
4
Q
in nucleic acid chain, subunit that consists of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
A
nucleotide
5
Q
adanine, thymine, guanine, cyosine
A
nitrogenous base
6
Q
2 H bonds
A
A to T
7
Q
3 H bondes
A
C to G
8
Q
run opposite directions
A
anti parallel strands of dna
9
Q
5’ to 3’
A
transcription
10
Q
2 structures 1 chromosomes 2 plasmid circular chromosomes located in nucleoid
A
prokaryotic genome
11
Q
1-2 distinct chromosomes
haploid
circular module of DNA
A
prokaryotic chromosomes
12
Q
4.6 x 10^6 bp
A
e coli genome
13
Q
3 billion base pair
A
human genome
14
Q
small extra chromosomes in prokaryotes
A
plasmid
15
Q
fertility
resistance
virulence
A
type of plasmid
16
Q
carries info in conjugation
A
fertility plasmid
17
Q
confer antibiotic resistance
A
resistance plasmid
18
Q
carry toxin or proteins involved in creating disease in host
A
virulence plasmid
19
Q
DNA transcribed to RNA, mRNA translated to form polypeptides
A
central dogma of genetics
20
Q
DNA to RNA
A
transcriptions
21
Q
mRNA to polypeptide
A
translation
22
Q
where dna rep, transciption, translation occur in prokaryotes
A
cytosol
23
Q
where dna rep, transcription, translation occur in eukaryotes
A
nucles, nucles, and cytosol
24
Q
anabolic polymerization that require monomers and energy
A
DNA replication
25
monomers in dna replication are
nucleotides
26
remove chromosome protein from origin of replicaton
dna helicase unwindes
exposes replication fork
other protein stabilize fork
initial process of dna replication
27
unwinds strands at beginning of replication
dna helicase
28
enzyme that joins rna nucleotides to make primer using leading dna strand as template
primase
29
reactants used as the source of A C T G for new strand of DNA
dNTP
30
make covalent bonds between base pairs
dna polymerase 2
31
proofreads new strand and remove primer
dna polymerase 1
32
1/100 thousand bps
| 1/10 billion bps
level of error before and after dna polymerase one proofrease
33
```
primase makes primer
dntp form h bond to strand
dna polymerase 2 make covalent bonds between bps
dna polymerase 1 proofread
dna polymerase 1 remove primer
```
step of leading strand synthesis of replication
34
```
primase make primer
dntp make h bond with template strand
dna polymerase 3 joins dntp in short segment
dna polymerase 1 replace primer with dna
dna ligase seals the fragments together
```
lagging strand synthesis
35
5' to 3' direction
new dna strand made
36
4 dna polymerase used by
eukaryotes
37
3 dna polymerase used by
prokaryotes
38
shorter in prokaryotes
okazaki fragments in eukaryotes
39
```
liner
4 polymerase
thousands of replication origins
short okazaki fragments
only methylate c base pairs
```
eukaroytic dna replication
40
```
long chain of nucleotides
sugar in rna is ribose
rna is single strand
contains uracil in place of thymine
extra oxygen molecule on ribose sugar
```
rna structure
41
uricil
only in rna binds with A
42
rna primer
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
types of rna
43
small segments of rna that indicate to dna polymerase where to begin replication
rna primer
44
type of rna that carries instruction from dna in the nucleus to ribosome
messenger
45
rna that make up part of ribsome
ribsomal
46
rna that carries amino acids to the ribsome
transfer
47
initiation
elongation
termination
steps of transcription
48
starts at promoter sequence
intiation
49
what protein is required by prokaryotic rna polymerase to initiate transcription at the promoter region of dna
sigma factor
50
regulatory region a short distance upstream from the 5 end of transcription start site that acts as binding site for rna polymerase
region of dna to which rna polymerase binds to initiate trancription
promoter region
51
rna polymerase unwraps dna
rna poly adds rntp
covalent bonds formed between rntp
made in 5 to 3 direction
elongation
52
self
| rho dependent
types of termination
53
hairpin loop forms
self termination of transcription
54
r protein binds to rna and rna polymerase falls off
rho dependent termination
55
enzyme similar to dna polymerase that binds to dna and separates the dna strand during transcription
adds nucleotides
rna polymerase
56
in nucleus mitochon, chloroplast
3 type of rna polymerase
a lot of transcription factors
transcription in eukaryotes
57
protein that switch on genes by binding to dna and helping rna polymerase to bind
transcription factor
58
capping
polyadenylation
splicing
processing mRNA in eukaryotic cells
59
remove introns in eukaryotes
capping
60
non coding junk sequence within eukaryotic gene
introns
61
adding adenosine to 3 end of mRNA
polyadenylation
62
adding guanine to 5 end to stabilize in eukaryotes
splicing
63
3 nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for single amino acid
codon
64
21 amino acid and 3 stop
64 codon codes
65
UAA
UAG
UGA
stop codons
66
1 large and 1 small subunit made of rRNA and protein
ribosome structure
67
Accomodation
Polypeptide
Exit
sites on smaller ribosomal subunit
68
charged tRNA come in
accomodation site
69
hold protein site
polypeptide site
70
discharge tRNA
exit site
71
group of three bases on tRNA molecule that are complemenatry to an mRNA codon
the anticodon
72
small subunit of ribosome binds to RBS
tRNa attaches to p site (f-met)
large subunit binds
initiation of translation
73
modified first amino acid of prokaryotic translated proteins
f-met
74
tRNA that matches codon in A site binds
Ribosome forms a polypeptide between amino acids
ribosome moves down mRNA and transfers tRNA to exit site
empty tRNA is dischaged
elongation of translation
75
AUG
the codon that begins all RNA
starts translation
codes for methionine
start codon
76
stop codon signals release factors
termination of translation
77
string of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis
occurs in prokaryotes
polyribosome
78
promoters (-35 -10)
where transcription starts
79
ribosome binding site RBS AUG codon
where translation starts
80
terminator
where transcription stops
81
when stop codon signals
translation stop
82
dna replication starts at the
origin
83
dna replication ends at the
terminus
84
```
occurs in ctyosol
not concurrent or polyribosomal
monocistronic
first amino acid is methonine
initiation occurs when subunit binds to 5 cap
```
eukaryotic translation
85
mRNA only codes for one polypeptide
monocistronic
86
mRNA codes for more than one proteins
| found in prokaryotes
polycistronic
87
what is the reason for regulating genetic expression
conserve energy
88
regulation of genetic expressions occurs at
the level of transcription
89
functional unit of genes that is found on DNA that is regulated from one promoter
operon
90
segment of dna containing adjacent genes including structural, operator, and regulatory gene
operon
91
sequence of dna downstream of promoter
and
it bind a repressor
operator
92
uses repressor protein
| results in induction or repression
negative regulation
93
type of negative regulation
induction- inducer lac operon (cat)
| repression-co repressor(ana)
94
use an activator protein in transcriptional regulation
+ regulation
95
silent
missense
nonsense
type of substitution point mutations
96
amino acids no change
silent
97
new amino acid added
missense
98
stop codon added
nonsense
99
exchange of nucleotides between 2 sequence that are identical (homologous)
genetic recombination
100
vertical
| horizontal transfers
type of genetic transfers
101
which one of the transfer not common in normal cell but microbial
horizontal
102
transformation
transduction
conjugation
type of horizontal transfer
103
transfer of dna from environment
transformation
104
transfer dna for phage
transduction
105
trasnfer dna from cell to cell (normal ppl shit)
conjugation
106
aka selfish dna
| short segment of dna that replicate and move to different site on chromosome
transposon
