Set 2 - Psych-Socio Quizlet Export

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

A test subject develops a response to a previously neutral stimulus by associating the stimulus with another stimulus that already elicited that response (Pavlov).

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 2

A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (food [US] –> salivation [UR]).

Question 3

Unconditioned Response

Answer 3

A behavior that occurs naturally due to a given stimulus (food [US] –> salivation [UR]).

Question 4

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 4

A stimulus eliciting no response.

Question 5

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response produced by the unconditioned stimulus itself (bell [CS] –> salivation [CR]).

Question 6

Conditioned Response

Answer 6

An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus (bell [CS] –> salivation [CR]).

Question 7

Acquisition

Answer 7

The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established.

Question 8

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 8

The reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of lessened response.

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Disappearance of the conditioned response.

Question 10

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 10

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 11

The learned lack of response to a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Question 12

Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

A type of associative learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior (Skinner).

Question 13

Reinforcement

Answer 13

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 14

Punishment

Answer 14

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 15

Positive Reinforcement/Punishment

Answer 15

Increasing/decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by introducing a stimulus.

Question 16

Negative Reinforcement/Punishment

Answer 16

Increasing/decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a stimulus.

Question 17

Primary Reinforcer/Punisher

Answer 17

Stimuli that relate to a physiological need and drive for survival (food, drink, pleasure).

Question 18

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer/Punisher

Answer 18

Stimuli that require learning/social context (money, praise, prestige, fines, scolding, ostracism).

Question 19

Escape Conditioning

Answer 19

Learning in which the learned behavior allows the subject to escape the unpleasant stimulus.

Question 20

Avoidance Conditioning

Answer 20

Learning in which the learned behavior allows the subject to avoid the stimulus altogether by employing a specific response.

Question 21

Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 21

Describes how often and under what conditions a behavior is reinforced.

Question 22

Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 22

Reinforcment is only given some of the time when the behavior occurs.

Question 23

Fixed Ratio

Answer 23

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses.

Question 24

Variable Ratio

Answer 24

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 25

Fixed Interval

Answer 25

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a specified time interval has passed.

Question 26

Variable Interval

Answer 26

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a unpredictable time interval has passed.

Question 27

Shaping

Answer 27

Method of operant conditioning that shifts behavior toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward the desired behavior.

Question 28

Innate Behaviors

Answer 28

Behaviors that are developmentally fixed.

Question 29

Observational Learning

Answer 29

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

Question 30

Modeling

Answer 30

Learning that consists of witnessing another person's actions, retaining information on that behavior, and re-enacting what was learned.

Question 31

Mirror Neurons

Answer 31

Specialized nerve cells that fire when a person is completing an action and when the person observes someone else completing the same action.

Question 32

Vicarious Emotions

Answer 32

Feeling the emotions of others as though they are one's own.

Question 33

Behavior

Answer 33

The sum coordinated responses of organisms to the internal and external stimuli they experience.

Question 34

Verbal Communication

Answer 34

The sharing of information between individuals by using speech.

Question 35

Nonverbal Communication

Answer 35

All communication between people that does not involve words.

Question 36

Animal Signals

Answer 36

Vocalizations, the use of visual stimuli, touch, and smell for communication.

Question 37

Social Behavior

Answer 37

All interactions taking place between members of the same species.

Question 38

Attraction

Answer 38

Factors that draw members of a species together.

Question 39

Aggression

Answer 39

Conflict and competition between individuals.

Question 40

Attachment

Answer 40

Forming relationships between individuals.

Question 41

Social Support

Answer 41

Finding help through social connections.

Question 42

Foraging Behavior

Answer 42

The set of behavior through which animals obtain food.

Question 43

Mating Behavior

Answer 43

The behavior surrounding propagation of a species through reproduction.

Question 44

Altruism

Answer 44

Behaviors that are disadvantageous to the individual acting, but confer benefits to other members of its social group.

Question 45

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 45

Overall fitness based on the individual's own progeny and the offspring of its close relatives.

Question 46

Game Theory

Answer 46

The use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account.

Question 47

Group

Answer 47

A set of individuals who interact with each other and share some elements of identity.

Question 48

Network

Answer 48

Connections through a web of weaker social interactions outside of group-specific interactions.

Question 49

Organization

Answer 49

A collection of individuals joining together to coordinate their interactions toward a specific purpose.

Question 50

Role

Answer 50

Part a person plays in a social interaction.