Set 4 - Psych-Socio Quizlet Export

Question 1

Different Types of Identities

Answer 1

Race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, class.

Question 2

Role-Taking

Answer 2

Adopting the role of another person, either by imitating behaviors or taking the other person’s point of view.

Question 3

Reference Group

Answer 3

A group that provides an individual with a model for appropriate actions, values, and worldviews.

Question 4

Self-Esteem

Answer 4

A person’s overall value judgment of him- or herself.

Question 5

Self-Efficacy

Answer 5

The feeling of being able to carry out an action successfully.

Question 6

Locus of Control

Answer 6

A person’s belief about the extent to which internal or external factors play a role in shaping his or her life.

Question 7

Freud’s Theory of Developmental Stages

Answer 7

Sequential series of psychosexual stages in early childhood: oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital.

Question 8

Erik Erikson

Answer 8

Psychoanalytic psychologist, re-envisioned the psychosexual stages as eight psychosocial stages.

Question 9

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 9

Proposed that learning takes place through interactions with others that promote the acquisition of cultural factors in development.

Question 10

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Answer 10

Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).

Question 11

Preconventional Level

Answer 11

Stage of moral development. Moral judgments are based solely on consideration of the anticipated consequences of behavior (punishment or reward).

Question 12

Conventional Level

Answer 12

Stage of moral development. Moral judgments take into account social disapproval and rule following.

Question 13

Postconventional Level

Answer 13

Stage of moral development. Moral judgments take into account social contracts and universal ethics.

Question 14

Attribution Theory

Answer 14

A theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.

Question 15

Dispositional Attribution

Answer 15

Assigning the cause of a behavior to an inherent quality or desire.

Question 16

Situational Attribution

Answer 16

Assigning the cause of a behavior to environmental factors.

Question 17

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 17

The tendency to automatically favor dispositional attributions over situational ones when judging other people.

Question 18

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 18

The tendency to attribute one’s success to internal factors while attributing one’s failures to external factors.

Question 19

Psychological Disorders

Answer 19

Sets of psychological abnormalities that are maladaptive to the individual.

Question 20

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Answer 20

Disorders characterized by bodily symptoms along with associated psychological symptoms.

Question 21

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 21

The experience of unwarranted fear and anxiety, physiological tension, and behaviors associated with the emotional and physical experience of anxiety.

Question 22

Mood Disorders

Answer 22

Disorders defined by two extremes, depression and mania.

Question 23

Depression

Answer 23

Pervasive feelings of sadness and hopelessness and/or the loss of interest in activities that an individual usually enjoys.

Question 24

Schizophrenia

Answer 24

A disorder that is fundamentally characterized by an impaired connection with reality. Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech.

Question 25

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 25

Disorders defined by the experience of a split between different aspects of psychological functioning.

Question 26

Personality Disorders

Answer 26

Disorders that involve the development of personality traits that cause psychological and social disfunction.

Question 27

Cognition

Answer 27

A wide range of internal mental activities, such as analyzing information, generating ideas, and problem solving.

Question 28

Information-Processing Models

Answer 28

Computer-like models of cognitive functioning.

Question 29

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 29

The part of the brain where information processing takes place. Divided into four lobes.

Question 30

Frontal Lobe

Answer 30

Part of the brain associated with motor control, decision making, and long-term memory storage.

Question 31

Parietal Lobe

Answer 31

Part of the brain that processes tactile information, contains the somatosensory cortex.

Question 32

Occipital Lobe

Answer 32

Part of the brain that processes visual information.

Question 33

Temporal Lobe

Answer 33

Part of the brain that processes auditory and olfactory information. Associated with emotion, language, and memory formation.

Question 34

Jean Piaget

Answer 34

Developmental psychologist who integrated nature and nurture into a theory of child development.

Question 35

Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 35

All children pass through the same set of discrete cognitive developmental stages at the same ages (Piaget).

Question 36

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 36

A stage of cognitive development (birth to 2 years). Children learn to separate themselves from objects. Object permanence.

Question 37

Preoperational Stage

Answer 37

A stage of cognitive development (2 to 7 years). Children learn to use language while they continue to think very literally. They maintain an egocentric worldview.

Question 38

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 38

A stage of cognitive development (7 to 11 years). Children become more logical in concrete thinking. They develop inductive reasoning and understand conservation.

Question 39

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 39

A stage of cognitive development (11 years and older). Children develop the ability to think logically in the abstract. They develop deductive reasoning skills and are capable of achieving post-conventional moral reasoning.

Question 40

Learning Theory of Language Development

Answer 40

Theory that argues that language is a form of behavior and is thus learned through operant conditioning (Skinner).

Question 41

Nativist Theory of Language Development

Answer 41

Theory that language development is innately human and that all people have the language acquisition device, which allows for learning of syntax and grammar (Chomsky).

Question 42

Interactionist Theory of Language Development

Answer 42

Theory that argues that the human brain develops so that it can be receptive to new language input and development.

Question 43

Broca's Area

Answer 43

Located in the frontal lobe, primarily involved in speech production. Damage to this area leads to the condition called ____ aphasia, or expressive aphasia.

Question 44

Wernicke's Area

Answer 44

Located in the temporal lobe, contributes primarily to the understanding of language. Damage to this area leads to ____ aphasia, or receptive aphasia.

Question 45

Intelligence

Answer 45

The ability to understand and reason with complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, and learn from experience.

Question 46

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Answer 46

Scores on a nonverbal scale and performance scale are synthesized to yield this score.

Question 47

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Answer 47

Theory that everyone has a variety of intelligences that are used in combination to solve problems and perform tasks (Gardner).

Question 48

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 48

A different type of intelligence, composed of: perceiving emotions, using and reasoning with emotions, understanding emotions, and managing emotions.

Question 49

Algorithm

Answer 49

A step-by-step procedure that leads to a definite solution.