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ZEukaryotic Diversity > Set 9 > Flashcards

Set 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage do vertebrates make up of animal life?

A

5%

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2
Q

What percentage do humans make up of animal life?

A

0.4%

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3
Q

Most animal diversity is made up of __________

A

Arthropods

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4
Q

What clade are humans in the Animal Kingdom? What other organisms are in this same clade? (3)

A

Opisthokonta.

Fungi, protist nucleariids, and protist choanoflagellates

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5
Q

“coloniality” led to

A

Multicellularity

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6
Q

The likely ancestor of animals was a

A

colonial choanoflagellate-like organism

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7
Q

DNA and protein evidence supports the sister-group relationship between animals and

A

unicellular choanoflagellates

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8
Q

What is the most simple animal and what do their cells look like?

A

Sponge.

Some cells look like choanoflagellate cells.

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9
Q

Most animals exhibit what kind of life cycle

A

Diplontic life cycle

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10
Q

Describe the diplontic life cycle

A

Diploid adults produce haploid gametes by meiosis, then fertilization of haploid gametes produces a diploid zygote that grows by mitosis into a new diploid individual.

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11
Q

How many years ago did animals originate

A

650 million years ago

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12
Q

The Cambrian Explosion occurred how many years ago?

A

540 million

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13
Q

What was the Cambrian Period/Explosion

A

Over 100 new animals phyla evolved

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14
Q

What is an arthropod

A

An invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages

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15
Q

How many phyla of extant animals exist?

A

37 and half are worms!

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16
Q

Mutations can only “tweak” what came before is known as

A

Evolutionary constraint.

Mutational change occurs to what the organisms in a lineage have inherited from their ancestors.

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17
Q

Explain form and function

A

There are functional constraints to the design of an animal that must allow it to perform life functions.
There are physical constraints that the design must adhere to (physical laws of nature related to strength, size, diffusion, movement, heat and gas exchange, etc)

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18
Q

Life functions that animals must carry out: (5)

A 
Exchange materials with the environment.
Nutrition. 
Transport/Access of materials.
Reproduction, growth, and development. 
Other: body support, movement, stimuli response.
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19
Q

Explain life function “Exchange materials with the environment”

A

Respiration (gas exchange).
Osmoregulation (of water).
Excretion (eliminate metabolic nitrogenous wastes).

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20
Q

Explain life function “nutrition” (4 stages)

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination.

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21
Q

Explain life function “transport/access of materials”

A

Transport to and from all cells of CO2, O2, food, N-waste

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22
Q

Explain life function “reproduction, growth, and development”

A

Growth is just mostly determination.

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23
Q

Term for an animal that has both ovaries OR testes

A

Dioecious

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24
Q

Term for an animal that has both ovaries AND testes but don’t fertilize their own material and will get together with another one and exchange sperm.

A

Monoecious (hermaphroditic)

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25
Q

Advantage of sexual reproduction

A

Offspring are genetically different, which is needed for adaptations and evolution.

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26
Q

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

Must find a mate and it takes a while to produce offspring.

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27
Q

Fertilization that requires water environment

A

External fertilization

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28
Q

Fertilization that requires insemination/mating

A

Internal fertilization (some aquatic species, but all terrestrial species)

29
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction (3)

A

No need to wait to find mate.
Rapid production of offspring.
Clonal offspring to well-adapted environments.

30
Q

Disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

No genetic variation to adapt to environment

31
Q

Two types of fertilization

A

Internal and external

32
Q

Two types of offspring development

A

Internal and external

33
Q

Internal development is when

A

offspring develops inside the parent

34
Q

External development is when

A

offspring develops outside the parent (eggs, etc)

35
Q

Indirect development of offspring

A

Juvenile exists as larvae and then undergo metamorphosis into adult form

36
Q

Direct development of offspring

A

Continuous growth until adult form is reached

37
Q

Three types of skeleton

A

External, internal, hydrostatic (water provides pressure support)

38
Q

Gas exchange requires _______ across _______ cell membranes

A

Diffusion, Moist

39
Q

Efficiency of gas exchange is dependent on the …

A

surface area to volume ratio.

The rate of exchange is proportional to the surface area a cell exposes to the environment

40
Q

Because of the need of functional and physical constraints, large animals developed through evolution (2)

A

Specialized exchange structures (lungs, kidneys, gills, intestines) that increase surface area.
Internal transport systems (respiratory and circulatory) to connect all cells within the external environment.

41
Q

When blood travels to/from lungs and cells, this is known as

A

Gas exchange

42
Q

When blood travels to kidneys from cells, this is known as

A

N-waste

43
Q

When blood travels from intestinal villi to cells, this is known as

A

Food absorption

44
Q

Every cell in the body must be in contact with blood via capillaries in order to do what

A

O2 and eliminate CO2, and to get food and eliminate toxic nitrogenous waste from cellular metabolism.

45
Q

Fingerlike projection of the inner intestinal wall that increase the surface area for absorption of digested food molecules into the blood

A

Intestinal villi

46
Q

> 1 longitudinal slice possible to get mirrored halves, like a pie

A

Radial symmetry

47
Q

Only one sagittal slice possible to get mirrored halves. (Lobster from tail to head)

A

Bilateral symmetry

48
Q

Organizational levels of complexity (3)

A

Cellular level.
Tissue level.
Organ level (organ system).

49
Q

Head end is known as

A

Anterior

50
Q

Tail end is known as

A

Posterior

51
Q

Back or upper side is known as

A

Dorsal

52
Q

Front or belly side is known as

A

Ventral

53
Q

Midline of the body is known as

A

Medial

54
Q

To the sides of the body is known as

A

Lateral

55
Q

Parts that are far from the body core are known as

A

Distal

56
Q

Parts that are near the body core are known as

A

Proximal

57
Q

This plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves

A

Frontal plane

58
Q

This plane divides an animal into right and left halves

A

Sagittal plane

59
Q

This plane separates the anterior and posterior halves

A

Transverse plane

60
Q

Mutations in Hox genes can lead to

A

Drastically different new body forms

61
Q

A mutation in HoxC6 leads to what

A

Presence or absence of limbs in chick and snake embryos.

62
Q

A mutation in HoxUbx leads to what

A

Differences in leg number and location in flies and brine shrimp

63
Q

Mutations in the timing of gene expression during development that lead to novel body forms

A

Heterochrony

64
Q

Two examples of heterochrony

A

Same genes in tree and ground salamanders leads to different digit morphology.
Same genes in chimps and humans leads to different skull sizes/shapes.

65
Q

Heterochrony that accelerates reproductive development in larvae

A

Paedomorphosis

66
Q

Heterochrony that slows somatic development in larvae

A

Neotony

67
Q

Multicellular animals are called

A

Metazoa

68
Q

TEN Characteristics of animals

A 
Eukaryotic.
Multicellular.
Heterotrophic and most ingest food.
Lack cell walls.
Contain collagen (structural protein).
Diplontic life cycle.
Unique embryonic development (cleavage and most with gastrulation then organogenesis, followed by direct or indirect development).
Most with Hox genes.
Most with determinate growth (stop growth once sexual adults).
Most with muscles and nerves.
69
Q

What are the types of digestion and where do they occur?

A

Mechanical and chemical.

Extracellular and intracellular.

ZEukaryotic Diversity (16 decks)

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