Sets 1-2

Question 1

what is natural selection ?

Answer 1

individuals with traits that will survive and reproduce in a given environment

Question 2

what was the goal for fox domestication experiment?

Answer 2

for tameness

Question 3

when and who did the fox experiment ?

Answer 3

Dmitry Belyaev in 1950s

Question 4

who is gregor mendel?

Answer 4

an augustinian monk and plant breeder who experiment with garden peas

Question 5

what is pure breeding lines?

Answer 5

offspring that have the same traits as parents everytime they are crossed

Question 6

what is a phenotype

Answer 6

observable characteristic also know as a trait

Question 7

what is a genotype ?

Answer 7

the genetic info of an individual

Question 8

what is an allele?

Answer 8

different forms of a single gene

Question 9

what is an example of an allele

Answer 9

brown or blue eyes

Question 10

what is polymorhpic?

Answer 10

a gene that may have several alleles that normally occur in a population
ex. the gene eye pigment and within the population theres green,brown,blue,hazel eyes

Question 11

what is monomorphic?

Answer 11

a gene that has only one allele which is normal within a population
ex. a cheetahs skin coat will be the same with rare

Question 12

what is a monohybrid cross?

Answer 12

a cross between two organism that differ in trait (ex colour)

Question 13

what is mendels law of segregation ?

Answer 13

it is when two alleles are seperated at gamete formation and come together at random for each parent during fertilization

Question 14

what is the PHENOTYPIC for simple dominant/ressesive traits (TRAIT THAT IS SHOWN) ratio for a monohybrid cross?

Answer 14

3:1

Question 15

if you were given a yellow pea to determine it genotype what are you crossing it with an why

Answer 15

a homozygous recessive yy as if it a yellow pea with YY or Yy, the Yy x yy will give us both a yellow and green pea meanwhile YY x yy will give us only yellow peas and will allow us to tell what the genotype of the original pea is

Question 16

what is the law of product ?

Answer 16

the probability of two or more independent events occurring at the same time can be calculated by multiplying the probability of each individual event eg getting a 6 on a dice three time

Question 17

what is the genotypic ratio for monohybrid crossses

Answer 17

1:2:1

Question 18

what is the law of sum

Answer 18

the probability of getting two or more events that cannot occur at the same time is the sum of their individual probabilities eg wanting to get either a 2 or 3 or 5 in a 1 time die roll

Question 19

what are dihybrids?

Answer 19

different alleles of two genes eg green or yellow & round or wrinkled

Question 20

what is the phenotypic ratio for dihybrid crosses?

Answer 20

9:3:3:1

Question 21

what is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 21

explains how different alleles of different genes behave

Question 22

what genotype should be used for test crosses?

Answer 22

homozygous ressesive

Question 23

what is multiple alleles

Answer 23

more than 2 alleles for a gene

Question 24

how is blood type made ?

Answer 24

a gene encodes an enzyme that adds a terminal sugar (A or B or nothing) onto polymer chain

Question 25

what does blood type A look like

Answer 25

iA iA or iA i or iA Hh

Question 26

what does blood type B look like

Answer 26

iB iB or iB i or iB Hh

Question 27

what does blood type AB

Answer 27

iA iB

Question 28

what can blood type O look like ?

Answer 28

i i or iA hh or iB hh

Question 29

what is the dominance series with blood types

Answer 29

iA=iB> i

Question 30

what is co-dominance ?

Answer 30

contributions from both alleles are visible in the phenotype

Question 31

what is the genotype from incomplete dominence and co-dominance?

Answer 31

1:2:1

Question 32

what is the phenotype from incomplete dominence and co-dominance)?

Answer 32

1:2:1

Question 33

what is the different between co dominance and incomplete dominance

Answer 33

just how they appear , co dominance is like both colour visibly showing incomplete dominance is where there is an intermediate colour that is not like the parents

Question 34

what is incomplete dominance?

Answer 34

a heterozygote with an intermediate phenotype red+ white = pink

Question 35

what is pleiotropy?

Answer 35

one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits

Question 36

what is an example of pleiotropy?

Answer 36

Sickle cell

Question 37

what is sickle cell caused by ?

Answer 37

a single mutation in the HBB gene

Question 38

what are lethal alleles ?

Answer 38

a dominant or recessive allele that can kill the organism

Question 39

what is the phenotypic ratio for recessive lethal alleles ?

Answer 39

the phenotypic ratio is 2:1 as in the 3:1 the 1 ressesive one will die.

Question 40

what are additive genes ?

Answer 40

two or more genes influence 1 trait

Question 41

what is epistasis ?

Answer 41

one gene will hide the effect of another gene

Question 42

what is the dominant epistasis phenotypic ratio?

Answer 42

12:3:1

Question 43

what is the recessive epistasis phenotypic ratio?

Answer 43

9:3:4

Question 44

what is recessive epistatsis

Answer 44

where the ressesive homoygous GG ee will always be visible no matter what the dominant is

Question 45

what is dominant epistastis

Answer 45

where a homo or heterozygous with a dominant C (CC or Cc) will mask the other allele no matter if it homo or hetero zygous Cc GG or CC gg or Cc Gg etc

Question 46

can two blood type o parents have a type a child ?

Answer 46

yes bc they can have recessive epistasis where they have and A polymer but its is being hiding and not being expressed

Question 47

what is complementary gene action ?

Answer 47

two or more genes that can work together in the same biochemical pathway that produce a trait

Question 48

what is an example of gene complementry action

Answer 48

a type a blood type gene ex. IA Hh

Question 49

what is a heterogeneous trait ?

Answer 49

a mutation at any one out of number of genes can give us the same penotype , two parent can lack the trait but i will show in the next generation.

Question 50

what is a complementry gene action phenotypic ratio ?

Answer 50

9:7

Question 51

what is complementation testing ?

Answer 51

testing to see if 1 or 2 genes can produce of certain phenotype or have the mutation

Question 52

what is complex traits ?

Answer 52

a trait which is determined by many genes or by the interaction between genes and the enviroment

Question 53

what is multifactorial inheritance ?

Answer 53

a new phenotype coming from two or more genes or the genes or eniviroment

Question 54

what is penetrance ?

Answer 54

a percentage of the population with a particular genotype , that demontates an expected trait CAN BE INCOMPLETE , not all in population have the expected trait or COMPLETE all have the trait

Question 55

what is expressivity ?

Answer 55

the degree or intensity of a particular genotype that is expressed in a phenotype in a population, NOT PREDICTABLE, like skin tone different shades of brown like olive dark, born, light degrees of skin tone constant , same colour varible, multiple

Question 56

what are sex linked traits ?

Answer 56

genes on the X or Y chromosomes

Question 57

what are sex limitied traits ?

Answer 57

limited to only one sex male or female

Question 58

what are sex influced

Answer 58

in both sexes , on the autosomal traits , expression may be differeent so like bald head on men but it doesnt happen to women

Question 59

tempurature,light altitude environment can affect the expression of a phenotype etc skin colour

Question 60

what is conditional lethality ?

Answer 60

where an allele is lethal under certain conditions

Question 61

what is permissive vs restrictiive

Answer 61

permissive they live restrictive they die

Question 62

what is true breeding ?

Answer 62

they are genetically & phenotypically identical to both parents

Question 63

With multiple alleles how do you figure out dominance series?

Answer 63

by crossing using homozygotes