Setting the scene- Anatomy

Question 1

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube?

Answer 1

Muscosa

Submycosa

External muscle layers

Serosa

Question 2

What is mucosa made of?

Answer 2

Epothelium

Question 3

What does the Mucosa do?

Answer 3

Selectively permeable barrier

Facilitate transport and digestion of food

Produce absorption

Produce hormones

Produce mucus

Question 4

What does the lamina propria do?

Answer 4

Produce lots of lymphoid nodules and macrophages

Produces antibodies e.g. IgA to protect against bacteria and viral invasion

Question 5

What is muscularis mucosae?

Answer 5

Layers of smooth muscle oriented in different directions

keeps epithelium in contact with gut contents

helps keep crypy contents dynamic

Question 6

What does the submucosa contain?

Answer 6

Dense connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, lymphoid tissues

Submucosal plexus (Meissners)

Question 7

What does the inner circle muscle contain?

Answer 7

Myesnteric plexus

outerlongitudinal muscle

Question 8

What is within the serosa??

Answer 8

Blood, lymph vessels and lympohid tissue

continuous messeteries

Question 9

Where is there stratified squamous epithelia?

Answer 9

Oesphagus and distal anus

Question 10

Apart from the oesphagus and anus, what is the epithelia in the rest of the gut?

Answer 10

simple columnar

Question 11

What is an enterocyte?

Answer 11

Simple columnar cell that absorbs

Question 12

Where are enterocytes?

Answer 12

small intestine and colon- 1 cell thick

Question 13

What do enterocytes have to transport nutrients through?

Answer 13

Apical membrane

basolateral membrane

Question 14

What are special features of enterocytes?

Answer 14

Microvilli

Question 15

Where are goblet cells?

Answer 15

Scattered between enterocytes

increasing in number from duodenum to colon

Question 16

What do goblet cells do?

Answer 16

produce mucus

Question 17

What does mucus protect epithelia from?

Answer 17

Friction

Chemical damage

Bacterial inflammation

Question 18

What are gastric surface mucous cells?

Answer 18

Line the gastric mucosa

Secrete mucus that froms barrier to stomach acid

Question 19

What creates a large surface area in the gut tube?

Answer 19

Permanent folds

villi

microvilli

Question 20

What are rugae?

Answer 20

temporary folds in the stomach

Question 21

Where are villi?

Answer 21

Small intestine

Not in colon

Question 22

Where are crypts?

Answer 22

In small and large intestine

Question 23

What do crypts contain?

Answer 23

Stem cells

Paneth cells

Eneroendocrine cells

Question 24

Why are there stem cells in the crypts?

Answer 24

Constantly divide to replace epithelia

Question 25

What are peneth cells?

Answer 25

secrete antibacterial proteins to protect stem cells

Question 26

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

Answer 26

Secrete hormones that control the function of the gut

Question 27

What horomes do enteroendocrine cells release in the crypts?

Answer 27

Gastrin cholecytokinin secretin

Question 28

What problems can occur with the crypts?

Answer 28

Inflammatory bowel disease- crypts alteration, cryptitis, crypt abcess

Question 30

What exocrine glandular tissue is in the gut?

Answer 30

Organised secretory cells- acini, tubules e.g. salviary gland, pancreas and brunners glands

Question 31

What do acini tend to secrete?

Answer 31

Serous secretion and enzymes

Question 32

What do tubules secrete?

Answer 32

mucous

Question 33

What can salivary glands secrete?

Answer 33

Serous and mucous

Question 34

What can cause ulceration?

Answer 34

Erosion of musculararis mucosae Failure of protective mechanism e.g. mucus production

Question 35

What is coeliac disease?

Answer 35

inability to tolerate gliandin damages mucosa so poor digestion and malabsorption

Question 36

What are the 3 anterolateral muscles?

Answer 36

External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis

Question 37

What are the layers of the abdominal wall?

Answer 37

Skin Fascia fat external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis rectus abdominis transversalis fascia peritoneum

Question 38

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 38

thin sheet like tendon

Question 39

What does the aponeurosis of the lateral muscles surround?

Answer 39

Rectus abdominis

Question 40

What is the arcuate line?

Answer 40

Lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath inferior epigastric vells pierce rectus abdominus Half way between umbilicus and pubic crest

Question 41

What is mesentery?

Answer 41

A double fold of peritoneum that attaces certain viscera to the posterior abdominal wall

Question 42

What has a mesentery?

Answer 42

Jejenum ilieum appendix transverse colon, sigmoid colon rectum

Question 43

What does mesenterycontain?

Answer 43

Blood vessels lymph vessels nerves fat

Question 44

What is a peritoneal ligament?

Answer 44

A double fold of peritoneum that connects two viscera together or viscera to abdominal wall

Question 45

What are 4 examples of peritoneal ligaments?

Answer 45

Gastrocolic ligament- stomach to transverse colon Gastrosplenic ligament- stomach to spleen Falciform ligament- liver to abdominal wall Triangular ligament- liver to diaphragm

Question 46

What is an omenta?

Answer 46

Double fold of peritoneum

Question 47

Where is the greater omenta?

Answer 47

hangs down off the greater curve of the stomach

Question 48

Where is the lesser omenta?

Answer 48

connects lesser curve of stomach to liver

Question 49

What is a spincters purpose?

Answer 49

Divide into sections control movement along the tube prevent reflux of material

Question 50

Where are there sphincters?

Answer 50

Upper oesophageal Lower oesophageal pyloric sphincter ileo-caecal anal internal and external

Question 51

Which spincter is voluntary?

Answer 51

external anal

Question 52

What is this?

Answer 52

Mesentery

Question 53

What is this?

Answer 53

Omenta

Question 54

What is the blood supply for the foregut?

Answer 54

Coeliac trunk

Question 55

What is the blood supply for the mid gut?

Answer 55

SMA

Question 56

What is the blood supply for the hind gut?

Answer 56

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 57

Where does venous drainage go to from the gut?

Answer 57

Liver via the portal vein

Question 58

What is a portal system?

Answer 58

‘a vascular arrangement in which blood from the capillaries of one organ is transported to the capillaries of another organ by a connecting vein or veins’

Question 59

What does the blood supply for the gut come from?

Answer 59

Abdominal aorta