Setting Up Apartheid 1948-54

Question 1

What were conditions like for black males in 1886?

Answer 1

They provided a majority of hard labour in the mines. They were employed and housed in large, male-only compounds.

Question 2

What industry led to the shipping in of Indian labour?

Answer 2

The sugar industry established in the 1880s

Question 3

What happened after the Boer War (1899-1902)?

Answer 3

The British won control of the Rand gold-fields and Afrikaner politicians increased racial segregation with the development of the migrant system

Question 4

What did the early migrant system do?

Answer 4

Black’s wages were too low to support their families and rural areas became too crowded for families to make a decent living. In addition, the government prevented families from permanently settling in towns

Question 5

Why did Afrikaners dominate the new union of SA (1910)?

Answer 5

Because too few black people could vote

Question 6

What did the Land Act (1913) do?

Answer 6

Forbade black people from owning land (except in native reserves) and forbade black people from practising share cropping

Question 7

What happened to SA during the Great Depression?

Answer 7

Black voting rights were abolished and there was greater control on the movement of blacks into towns. They encouraged the building of black townships well away from city centres

Question 8

What is the colour bar?

Answer 8

The gap between jobs for black and white people

Question 9

Who was DR A.B.Xuma?

Answer 9

• President of the ANC in 1940
• Reorganised it in 1944
• Secured its finances
• Attracted new young members

Question 10

Who was Anton Lembede?

Answer 10

• A driving force of the Youth League (2^nd April 1944)
• Aimed to give new life to the ANC and “build up the spirit of African Nationalism throughout SA”

Question 11

Who was Walter Sisulu?

Answer 11

• Worked in the mines as a trade union activist
• An excellent organiser

Question 12

Who was Oliver Tambo?

Answer 12

• Joined Mandela to set up a legal practice
• An excellent organiser

Question 13

Who was Nelson Mandela?

Answer 13

• Aimed to be a lawyer
• Worked in the mines
• Had a commanding personality and a strong sense of which political actions were likely to be effective

Question 14

Why did the National Party win the 1948 election?

Answer 14

• The electoral system
• Afrikaners
• The leader of the United Party
• Internal United Party conflict
• Shift of focus towards economic policies
• Fear
• Religion

Question 15

How was the electoral system a reason why the National Party won the 1948 election?

Answer 15

They won a majority of the rural seats due to fear over blacks leaving, reducing the work force

Question 16

How was the Afrikaners a reason why the National Party won the 1948 election?

Answer 16

Outnumbered English South Africans 3:2. The National Party appealed more to them

Question 17

How was the leader of the United Party a reason why the National Party won the 1948 election?

Answer 17

Jan Smuts was 75 and out of touch with what the young Afrikaners wanted

Question 18

How was internal United Party conflict a reason why the National Party won the 1948 election?

Answer 18

Contrasted poorly against the newer, more cohesive and dynamic National Party

Question 19

How was a shift in focus towards economic policies a reason why the National Party won the 1948 election?

Answer 19

Promised to increase the colour bar reducing labour competition for white workers

Question 20

How was fear a reason why the National Party won the 1948 election?

Answer 20

Of becoming a minority race led to support for suppression of other races under the “apartheid” slogan

Question 21

How was religion a reason why the National Party won the 1948 election?

Answer 21

Apartheid appealed to faith being backed by biblical references to the division of people and the belief that they were carrying out a “divine task”

Question 22

What did D.F.Malan do after he won the election?

Answer 22

He appointed Professor F.R.Tomlinson to chair a commission of investigation into how a system of Apartheid would work

Question 23

What conclusion did the Tomlinson Report reach?

Answer 23

After four years they concluded that Apartheid could work but it would be expensive. The report suggested creating 7 blocks for black SAs to govern themselves but only 13% of land was to house 70% of the population. In addition, it said that white SAs needed to be encouraged to invest in building business in the areas to produce income for the cost of development

Question 24

What did the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949 do?

Answer 24

Made marriages between people of different races illegal

Question 25

What impact did the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949 have?

Answer 25

People in mixed marriages were expected to split up

Question 26

What did the Immorality Act 1950 do?

Answer 26

Made sexual relations between people of different races illegal

Question 27

What impact did the Immorality Act 1950 have?

Answer 27

- The likelihood of mixed race children being born was significantly lower - Punishments were less severe for white people

Question 28

What did the Population Registration Act 1950 do?

Answer 28

- Defined which race every SA belonged to - People could apply to be reclassified, involving a bizarre inspection of skin, nails and hair

Question 29

What impact did the Population Registration Act 1950 have?

Answer 29

- Formed the basis for many Apartheid laws - Enforced the Mixed Marriages Act by recording photographs and fingerprints - Denied many of the Cape Coloured to be white causing opposition from them

Question 30

What did the Suppression of Communism Act 1950 do?

Answer 30

- Defined communism as any form of unrest/protest - Gave the government powers to "ban" people without charge so that they could not meet with others or take part in politics, or put them under house arrest

Question 31

What impact did the Suppression of Communism Act 1950 have?

Answer 31

- Any anti-apartheid protestors could immediately be banned - It pushed the SACP closer to the ANC as it got banned

Question 32

What did the Group Areas Act 1950 do?

Answer 32

- Each town or city was separated into "white", "coloured" or "black" areas - Forcibly evicted those in the wrong area

Question 33

What impact did the Group Areas Act 1950 have?

Answer 33

- Whites were usually given the best areas - United non-white groups against apartheid - Housing shortage and loss of income for non-whites

Question 34

What did the Bantu Authorities Act 1951 do?

Answer 34

- Black SAs could only live in their tribal reserves led by tribal leaders - Reserves based on different black SA tribes

Question 35

What impact did the Bantu Authorities Act 1951 have?

Answer 35

- Black SAs had to commute long distances to work or live in cramped labour hostels away from their families - Reserves were very cramped - Tribal leaders chosen by the government to be cooperative

Question 36

What did the Abolition of Passes Act 1952 do?

Answer 36

Rewrote pass laws, making it so that all non-white people had to carry their pass to enter white areas

Question 37

What impact did the Abolition of Passes Act 1952 have?

Answer 37

- Passes extended to women for the first time - Use of pass books more rigorously enforced - Stop and search practices used by the police convicted people often

Question 38

What did the Bantu Education Act 1953 do?

Answer 38

Moved control of black SA education to the Ministry for Native Affairs

Question 39

What impact did the Bantu Education Act 1953 have?

Answer 39

- Different standards of education from white schools, such as being taught in ethnic languages and prepared for more limited lives after school - Increased literacy and numeracy for black SAs

Question 40

What did the Separate Amenities Act 1953 do?

Answer 40

Divided public services and spaces into "European" and "non-European" areas

Question 41

What impact did the Separate Amenities Act 1953 have?

Answer 41

- Prioritised amenities for white SAs - Constant reminders of the system of segregation in daily lives, with much worse amenities for non-whites

Question 42

What were the reasons for the Defiance Campaign 1952 protest?

Answer 42

Violence and poverty for black SAs

Question 43

What were the methods of protest for the Defiance Campaign 1952?

Answer 43

- Mass support - Defying apartheid regulations by entering "white only" areas

Question 44

What were the results of the Defiance Campaign 1952 protest?

Answer 44

- Increased ANC membership - International media attention - Showed the power of peaceful protests - Mass arrest and trial

Question 45

What were the reasons for the protests by women (Black Sash, Anti-pass demonstrations and beer hall protests)

Answer 45

- Poverty - Poor standards of living - Pass system extension - Shebeens banned by the government

Question 46

What were the method of the protests by women (Black Sash, Anti-pass demonstrations and beer hall protests)?

Answer 46

- Peaceful protest - Attacked and burnt official beer-halls

Question 47

What were the results of the protests by women (Black Sash, Anti-pass demonstrations and beer hall protests)?

Answer 47

Attacked by the police

Question 48

What were the reasons for the rural protests?

Answer 48

- Marked areas too small, too poor, too over-crowded, too over-populated - Government's cattle-killing policy

Question 49

What was the method of the rural protests?

Answer 49

Revolts

Question 50

What was the impact of the rural protests?

Answer 50

Chiefs removed