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History > The impact of Civil Rights 1960-74 > Flashcards

The impact of Civil Rights 1960-74 Flashcards

1
Q

When were the sit-ins?

A

1st Feb 1960-1960s

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2
Q

What was the aim of the sit-ins

A

To desegregate lunch counters

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3
Q

Features of sit-ins

A
  • First protests were in Greensboro, North Carolina; Many arrests were made resulting in a “jail not bail” tactic causing jails to become overcrowded ; Protests grew and expanded to other states such as Ohio; The protesters faced violence but were not provoked
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4
Q

What was the sit-ins’ significance?

A

More confrontational than boycotts; Large numbers; Start of student protests; Presidential support; Demonstrated the power of non-violent protest; Media publicity; Achieved its aim

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5
Q

When were the Freedom rides?

A

4th May 1961-1961

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6
Q

What were the aims of the Freedom rides?

A

To integrate interstate buses and prove that ruling weren’t always enforced and to prompt violence

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7
Q

Features of Freedom rides

A
  • Activists rode interstate buses to prove that the law of integration wasn’t being enforced; Klansmen attacked freedom riders violently; This developed into wider attacks and lead to the arrest of freedom riders for “starting a riot”; President Kennedy threatened to enforce the integration with the desired result
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8
Q

What was the significance of the Freedom rides?

A

Presidential support; Media publicity; Aims achieved

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9
Q

When was the Meredith Case?

A

May 1961-Oct 1962

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10
Q

What were the aims of the Meredith case?

A

To desegregate education and allow Meredith application

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11
Q

Features of the Meredith Case

A
  • James Meredith denied entry to Mississippi University; NAACP supported the case in the Supreme Court; Supreme Court ruled that Meredith be admitted however the governor created a law preventing those with a felony offence; The involvement of President Kennedy caused white retaliation riots that resulted in 300 civilians and federal Marshall’s being injured; 2000 federal troops needed to stop the riot and 300 more to protect Meredith throughout the year
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12
Q

What was the significance of the Meredith Case?

A

Presidential action; Increased acceptance of African American applications; Aims achieved

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13
Q

MLK’s background

A

Born into a middle class family; PhD from Boston university; Baptist minister so could command the respect of many, but not all, black Americans; Leader of the SCLC, so mainly based in the South until 1965

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14
Q

MLK’s methods

A

Non-violence; Direct action; Protests prompted violent responses; Gave speeches; Showed respect for the US system of government and constitution

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15
Q

MLK after 1965

A
  • Began to look to discrimination in the North; Started in Chicago in 1966; Became increasingly frustrated at the lack of progress; Became more socialist, losing supporters - Focused increasingly on tackling poverty, unemployment and housing shortages for all races; Assassinated 4th April 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee
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16
Q

When did events take place in Birmingham, Alabama?

A

3rd April-13th May 1963

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17
Q

What were the aims of the events in Birmingham?

A

To challenge segregation there by attracting media attention and federal intervention

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18
Q

What happened in Birmingham 1963?

A

Boycotts of segregated stores; Marches and demonstrations with a focus on non-violent responses to attacks; MLK’s Letter from Birmingham Jail

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19
Q

What was the significance of Birmingham 1963?

A

Desegregation and employment in Birmingham stores, though other areas still segregated; Riots 11-12th May after some black American houses were bombed, ended by federal troops patrolling on the 13th to restore calm; Around 50 other cities desegregated to avoid similar campaigns; Contributed to JFK support for Civil Rights Bill

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20
Q

When was the March on Washington and MLK’s Dream Speech?

A

28th April 1963

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21
Q

What were the aims of the March on Washington?

A

To raise awareness and support for the need for freedom and equality for black Americans and to put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Bill

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22
Q

Where was MLK’s dream speech and what significance did it have?

A

The Lincoln Memorial and it was televised worldwide and MLK won a Nobel Peace Prize the following year

23
Q

Causes of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Johnsons’ effective political dealings; Death of JFK; Emergence of more radical protests; A desire in Congress to “do the right thing”

24
Q

Clauses the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A
  • Segregation and discrimination in public places, education and business banned; Voter registration tests had to be fair and same for all citizens; Discrimination in employment banned and Equal Opportunities Commission set up to investigate it; Federal government could remove funding from state projects that discriminated; This also made it illegal to discriminate on the base of gender, religion or national origin
25
Q

Causes of the Voting Rights Act

A

Johnsons’ effective political dealings and the Freedom Summer and Selma protests

26
Q

Clauses of the Voting Rights Act

A
  • Set up one, fair, national test for voting registration; Banned states from setting their own tests unless approved by federal government; Appointed federal examiners to supervise voter registration in states; More black Americans alone to vote; Politicians who wanted to win votes had to consider issues affecting African Americans
27
Q

When was Nation of Islam founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad?

A

July 1930

28
Q

Who lead NOI from 1934?

A

Elijah Muhammad

29
Q

What did NOI aim for?

A

Black Nationalism

30
Q

What did NOI teach/believe in?

A
  • White people were “the devil”; Black supremacy and self-respect; Its founder was an incarnation of Allah; Its members should not vote or engage with politics
31
Q

Membership in NOI

A
  • Around 500 in 1952; Expanded rapidly to 40000 when Malcolm X was a member
32
Q

Malcolm X

A

Encouraged violence when non-violence had failed and didn’t believe an equally integrated society is possible, instead proposes complete segregation to allow black prior to become self-sufficient and therefore equal to white people

33
Q

Reasons for the growth of Black Power

A
  • Origins in NOI and Malcolm X’s views of black self-respect; After Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act (1965) many white Americans saw civil rights as achieved and focused on issues such as Vietnam War despite the continued discrimination so some black Americans thought that a more radical approach was necessary; Anger amongst the black population due to worsening conditions in ghettos not being resolved through civil rights protests
34
Q

Impact of Black Power

A
  • Attracted young black Americans from poorer communities; White people no longer members of SNCC; Greater focus on black Americans forming their own institutions, less on integration; Malcolm X’s views on violence more widely adopted; Encouraged black pride and self-respect e.g. “Black is beautiful” movement ; Expanded focus beyond political rights towards social and cultural changes as well which increased general awareness of these issues in the widespread civil rights movement ; 1968 black power salute; Worried moderate black American civil rights supporters and terrified white Americans; Convenient scapegoat for race riots and police action against widespread civil rights movement
35
Q

Who did the black power salute in Mexico City during the 1968 Olympics to raise awareness and support for the ideals of Black Power?

A

1st Tonnie Smith and 3rd John Carlos

36
Q

Impacts of the 1968 Olympics Black Power salute

A
  • Inspired young black Americans to join the movement
  • Brought Black Power to international attention
  • Shouted at by Americans as they left the stadium
  • Criticised by the media
  • Banned from future Olympic Games
  • Received death threats
37
Q

The Black Panthers’ ten point plan

A
  • We want freedom. We want power to run our black community; We want an end to the robbery by white man of our black community; We want full employment of our people; We want decent housing fit for shelter of human beings; We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society and teaches us our true history and role in present-day society; We want all black men to be free from having to serve in the military; We want an immediate end to police brutality and murder of black people; We want all black men held in prison to go free because they haven’t received a fair trial ; We want all black people brought to trial to be tried by a jury from their black community; We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace
38
Q

What did the Black Panthers organise to improve conditions in ghettos?

A
  • Medical clinics to give black Americans free healthcare; Breakfast clubs for black children to attend before school; Free shoes for poor black families; Classes on black history; Encouraged co-operation between different black American gangs to reduce violence
39
Q

Who was Stokely Carmichael?

A

The leader of the SNCC from 1966

40
Q

When did Stokely Carmichael coin the term “Black Power”?

A

June 1966 during the “March against fear” in Mississippi

41
Q

Who, when and where were the Black Panthers set up?

A

By Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in Oct 1966 in Oakland, California

42
Q

What was on of the best known and most feared Black Power groups despite it being relatively small (no more than 2000 members across 25 cities)?

A

The Black Panthers

43
Q

How did the Black Panthers get income for the “Patrolling the pigs” campaign?

A

Through fundraising by black businesses and theft

44
Q

What were the causes of the Mississippi Freedom Summer?

A
  • Summer 1964; Upcoming presidential election; Less than 7% of African Americans in Mississippi voted
45
Q

What were the events of the Mississippi Freedom Summer?

A
  • The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party had >80,000 members and 68 were elected to join the national Democratic Party convention
  • The set up of MFDP challenged Mississippi’s all-white Democratic Party
  • The MFDP ran class to help African Americans pass their literacy tests and opened 30 Freedom Schools in Mississippi, which taught black history and politics
  • The SNCC recruited 1000 young white northern volunteers to help with the freedom summer because violence against them would generate big headlines
  • The KKK attacked campaigners
46
Q

What were the impacts and significance of the Mississippi Freedom Summer?

A
  • Did little to increase voter registration since may feared the violent backlash; Set up the MFDP; Freedom Schools improved African American literacy rates; Media publicity due to murders increased support for civil rights and brought problems with voter registration to national attention
47
Q

What were the causes and events of Selma?

A
  • Jan 1965 - March 1965
  • Local civil rights groups invited MLK and the SCLC to campaign for voters’ right
  • 7th March 1965 a march left Selma heading for the state capital, Montgomery. The march was stopped by the police and state troops, who attacked the protestors with tear gas, horses, clubs and electric cattle sticks
  • 21st March the march finally was escorted by the Alabama National Guard under the control of Johnson
  • 25th March MLK led 25,000 people into Montgomery
48
Q

What were the impacts and significance?

A
  • Voting rights act 1965; The beginning of the divide between non-violent and violent protestors; Media publicity
49
Q

What were the race riots?

A
  • In July 1964 a large race riot took place in New York; Over the next 4 years there were 329 major riots in 257 American cities
50
Q

Watts District riots

A
  • Los Angeles; 11-17th August 1965; Marquette Frye was arrested on suspicion of drunk-driving and rumours spread that police had attacked his mother and pregnant girlfriend; >14000 California National Guard enforced a curfew zone over 70km; 34 people died, >1000 injured, nearly 4000 arrested and hundreds of shops, businesses and homes were badly damaged
51
Q

What were the causes of race riots?

A
  • 1968 Kerner report was set up to investigate race riots; Frustration and anger at the poor living conditions in the ghettos; Failure of police and city authorities to respond to reported problems; Unfair treatment, and sometimes violence, by the police
52
Q

What were the positive impacts of the race riots?

A
  • Focus on social and economic issues facing African Americans; Campaigns spread North
53
Q

What were the negative impacts of the race riots?

A
  • Fear of young African Americans, largely due to exaggerated media violence; Loss of white supporters for civil rights; Money given by the government to help improve conditions in the ghettos was instead spent on police weapons and training to deal with riots

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