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Geography > Settlement > Flashcards

Settlement Flashcards

1
Q

Settlement

A

A place where people live. A settlement may be as small as a single house in a remote area or as a large as a mega city (a city with over 10 million residents).

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2
Q

Site

A

The ground on which the settlement stands, in terms of its physical characteristics.

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3
Q

Situation

A

The location of the settlement relative to its surroundings, described in relation to other settlements, rivers, transport lines etc.

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4
Q

Service

A

A service is any activity that fulfils a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

(Services are often located in settlements).

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5
Q

Function

A

The function of a settlement of a settlement relates to its social and economic development and refers to its main activities.

Eg. Mining (Kiruna)

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6
Q

Hierarchy

A

Placing things in order of importance.

In settlement hierarchy this involves placing settlements in order from the largest population centre to the smallest population centre.

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7
Q

Characteristics good sites have

A

Defense
Aspect (shelter)
Dry point site
Bridging point
Flat land
Wet point site
Nodal point
Raw materials

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8
Q

Defense - Site characteristics

A

Settlements found on higher land (protection against enemey attack)

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9
Q

Aspect (shelter) - Settlement characteristics

A

South-facing slope will have more sun and protection from a cold northerly wind.

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10
Q

Dry point site - Settlement characteristics

A

Raised from surrounding area, meaning less likely to flood.

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11
Q

Bridging point - Settlement characteristics

A

Located at a narrow point on a river / stream, where it may be easier to cross.

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12
Q

Flat land - Settlement characteristics

A

Easy to build on and grow crops.

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13
Q

Nodal point - Settlement characteristics

A

Located where two natural routes meet.

eg. the confluence of two rivers.

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14
Q

Wet point site - Settlement characteristics

A

Near a river, for a constant water supply (and later transport)

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15
Q

Raw materials - Settlement characteristics

A

Close to raw materials, wood and stone, easily accessible.

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16
Q

Dispersed pattern

A

Isolated buildings are spread out across an area, usually separated by a few hundred metres with no central focus.

Typically an area containing buildings rather than a single settlement. Population is sparse + usually no services.

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17
Q

Where do dispersed settlements usually occur in?

A
  • Remote or mountainous regions
  • Areas where the land is predominantly used for agriculture
  • Areas with limited job opportunities
  • Locations with few, if any, job opportunities
18
Q

Linear settlement pattern

A

Occurs in a line or arc shape. They typically follow a road, valley or water body. This allows the settlement to utilise transport routes.

They can also occur along valley floors where the sides are very steep.

19
Q

Nucleated settlement pattern

A

Occurs in a circular shape with buildings mainly concentrated around a common centre such as a road junction, park or service area. Most large cities are nucleated indicating they are well planned.

20
Q

Why do nucleated settlement patterns occur?

A
  • Flat relief which is easy to build on
  • The site has a bridging point
  • The site is a good defensive position
  • A good water supply
  • No restrictions to development in any direction
  • Good job opportunities
  • Effective public services
  • Good transport links
21
Q

Examples of settlement functions

A
  • Mining town
  • Tourist resort
  • Residential
  • Administration
  • Commercial
  • Route centre
  • Manufacturing
  • Port
  • Cultural / Religious
  • Market twon
22
Q

Hierarchy of settlement

A

Largest settlement
…
Conurbation
City
Large town
Small town
Village
Hamlet
Isolated dwelling
… Smallest settlement

23
Q

Low order goods/ services (settlement)

A

Convenience goods or services such as milk or bread.

24
Q

High order goods / services (settlement)

A

Comparison goods or services such as TVs and laptops.

25
Q

Range (settlement)

A

How far someone is willing to travel for a particular good or service.

26
Q

Threshold population (settlement)

A

The number of people needed to sustain a service.

27
Q

Sphere of influence (settlement)

A

The area surrounding a settlement that is affected by the settlement’s activities.

28
Q

Dormitory settlements (settlement)

A

Anomalous settlements with a high number of residents but not many services.

29
Q

Factors affecting the size of the sphere of influence

A
  • Competition from nearby settlements
  • Funciton of the settlement
  • Transport facilities
  • Population size of the settlement and its surrounding area
  • Functions of nearby settlements
30
Q

Modern shopping

A

High order centre

Regional shopping centre and out of town superstores
CBD

Middle order

Secondary centres
Suburban parades

Low order

Corner shops

31
Q

Urbanisation

A

The increase in the proportion fo people living in towns nd cities (eg. industrial revolution)

32
Q

Suburbunisation

A

Urban areas spread outwards as railway lines allowed people to live further from work

33
Q

Counterurbanisation

A

People leave urban areas to move to smaller settlements outside the city (better living quality)

–> Railway lines + good transport allow this to happen (commuting into cities)

34
Q

Rural-urban fringe

A

Transition to city to countryside.

Can contain…

  • Fields
  • Large-scale manufacturing
  • Sometimes malls (if good transport)
  • Golf courses
  • Airports
35
Q

Reurbanisation

A

People beign to return to urban areas due to redevelopment, reduction in crime and new housing.

36
Q

Urban sprawl

A

The spread of an urban area into what used to be countryside.

37
Q

Positive impacs of urban sprawl on the Rural-Urban fringe.

A
  • Cheap land
  • Easy to develop
  • Landowners gain a profit from selling land
38
Q

Negative impacs of urban sprawl on the Rural-Urban fringe.

A
  • Need to update infrastructure (eg. public transport/ healthcare)
  • Not as much infiltration (due to concrete)
  • Land for recreation/ leisure (eg. hiking) = Lost
  • Landowners may be driven out due to rising prices.
39
Q

Advantages of brownfield development

A
  • Easier to get planning permission from councils
  • Infrastructure alread there
  • Less urban sprawl/ habitat destruction
  • Roads already in place
  • Brings derelict areas back in use
40
Q

Disasdvantages of brownfield development

A
  • Contaminated land (needs to be cleaned –> expensive)
  • Higher land costs nearer to the CBD
  • Environmental survey has to be carried out –> time consuming.
41
Q

Advantages of greenfield development

A
  • Land = Cheaper to buy + develop
  • Built in areas with low congestion on roads/ pollution
  • Developers can include car parks + parks
42
Q

Disadvantages of greenfield development

A
  • Can damage environment + habitats
  • Can encourage urban sprawl
  • Infrastructure (eg. electricity lines/healthcare/roads)
  • Create noise pollution during construction (annoying for local people)

Geography (14 decks)

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