7-Mark questions Flashcards
(107 cards)
Case study - Bangladesh, - Causes of overpopulation
- Bangladesh = 7 largest population in world / 94th in - Land area – thus high population density (>1000 per km²)
- Few natural resources - relies on agriculture
- High birth rates since children = labour on farm
- High birth rates / Death rates have fallen – rapid population increase = natural increase
- 85% of population = Muslim, leaders don’t encourage use of contraception.
- Bangladesh = more people than resources
Case Study - Australia, Causes
Causes
- Small population size –> 21.7 million + abundant land area –> low population desnity.
- Still ample SUITABLE land to increase setllements
- High rates of emigration bc geographically remote country –> young people move to connected areas eg. Europe.
- Low birth rates + death rates –> population increase = 1.15% per year –> not growing rapidly through natural increase
Case Study - Gambia, consequences (Problems + Benefits)
Problems
- Schools in Gambia are overcrowded - children go to school in shfts - 3000 students for 26 classroom in Banjul
- Fertility rates = 5.3 children per woman –> families lack resources to provide for large family –> areas in Banjul –> overcrowded + lack of adequate sanitation.
- Population is approaching carrying capacity
- Widespread deforestation due to need for fuel –> Gambia’s forests will be eradicated in 50 years time.
Benefits
- Gambia will have large working population –> may increase oppurtunity (eg. more labour for development of business)
- Over half of Africa’s population are uner 20. –> Benefits of young people entering workforce.
Case Study - Japan, Causes
A
Causes
- Later marriages
- Increase in childless couples
- Cultural preference for 1 child
- Women pursuing careers
- Working environment - not very supportive of families (lack of flexible work times)
- More insecure employment
- Japan also has fewer people in fertile age group - less births overall
- Fertility rate fallen from 2.1 in the 1970’s to 1.36 today.
- One of the lowest birth rates in world.
Case Study - HIV/AIDS in Botswana - Reasons
Reasons
- Botswana has the 2nd highest rate of HIV infection in the world (35-38% of the population are infected)
- Only 18% of people in Botswana are married + many polygamous men –> people have multiple sexual partners
- Used to be a lot of ignorance surrounding HIV/AIDS in Botswana
- Lack of doctors/nurses
- Poverty led to some young women becomign prostitutes –> increasing spread of virus
Case Study - Mexico - USA, Push Factors
- High crime rates in Mexico, eg. murder rates = 14 per 100,000 people + drug related crimes –> in past five years, 47,500 people killed in drug related crimes.
- Unemployment and poverty major problem in Mexico
- Many work as farmers + extreme temperatures + infertile land cause difficulties –> many financially struggle –> 47% of the population live under the poverty line –> bad living standard.
- Many natural hazards in Mexico –> suffers from volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes and tsunamis.
Case Study - Mexico - USA, Pull Factors
- Better standard of living in USA –> Mexico 10th highest poverty –> 6% of population lack access to ‘improved’ drinking water.
- Migrant communites in Texas + California pull people towards migrating. (want to live with other Mexican’s)
- Better education oppurtunities in America, 86.1% of Mexico literate vs 99% of USA.
Case Study - Mexico - USA, Social Impacts
- Problematic assimilation of Mexicans into American communites - language barriers –> tensions between locals and migrants –> crime/violence/racism
- Introduction of Mexican culture into USA –> improves cultural diversity
- Language barrier –> led to many schools teaching spanish –> improves skill sets.
- Large factor of economically active population leaving Mexico –> worse economy + elderly dependents.
- Majority of migrants = males –> uneven gender ratio in Mexico –> decreased birth rates thus increased dependency ratio.
Case Study - Mexico - USA, Economic Impacts
- Mexicans take menial low-payign jobs that Americans refuse to take. –> improves economy –> social tension ‘migrants stealing jobs’ –> companies replacing American’s with cheaper labour
- Remittances (migrants send back money, 2nd source of income in Mexico) –> economic help in Mexico –> bad in USA (less money spent in economy)
- Less people in Mexico = pressure on land / social services / jobs fall.
- Skilled workforce leaves –> less doctors etc.
- Mexican population dependent on food growth in Mexico // majority of migrants come from rural –> food shortages.
Case Study - Brazil, Rural - Urban, Push Factors
- Pressure on land (housing difficulties)
- Standard of living low (long hours, hard work, little pay)
- People face hardship when the harvest is poor
- Natural disasters like periods of drought
- Many workers do not own the land so have no power or any reason to improve it
- Schools are crowded
- There is poor health care
- There is not much investment by the government in some areas
- Labour replaced by machines
Case Study - Brazil, Rural - Urban, Pull Factors
- Better chances of a job – jobs in cities pay more than farming
- The hope of a better quality of life with improved housing with electricity and water supply
- Better schools – only way to escape poverty
- Better healthcare
- More exciting with better access to entertainment
Case Study - China’s One Child Policy
(Basic information)
- Anti-natalist policy that stated couples could only have 1 child. (introduced 1979-2015)
- It was done to reduce births + stabilise population
- Carrot and stick approach - incentives for those who followed, eg. Cash payments, free healthcare + education for child, preferential access to jobs
- Disincentives, eg. Fines (up to 10, 20% of annual salary), Job loss, Nanny Police, Food rations. (forced abortions + sterilisations)
- Ethnic minorites allowed to have more children.
Rural families allowed to have another child if first child was a daughter.
Case Study - Gambia, Causes
- 95% of Gambians are muslims - some preists discourage using contraception
- Inequality - women don’t have a large say in family size - don’t discuss family planning (taboo)
- Contraception isn’t affordable/accessible for some
- Many farmers - more children = more labour
- Polygamy - Many men have several wives
- Fertility rate = 5.3 per woman.
Case Study - Japan, Impacts
Impacts
- Few young people being added to the population means that there will be fewer economically active people in the future –> impacts economy since not enough labour –> not enough people to tax –> reduces government funding.
- Will be a need for immigration –> but Japanses do not favour immigration + difficult for migrants to assimilate (hard language)
Case Study - Japan, Solutions
Solutions
- Reforms - increasing child benefits, providing tax allowances for families, making childcare more accessible.
- Encourage immigration (to solve labour shortages)
- Government has introduced laws like the ‘Child Care’ and ‘Family Care Leave’ –> parents can recieve…
- 8 weeks paid leave from work
- Shorter working hours
- Maximum of 24 hours overtime a month
- Economic incentive (eg. Yamatsuri offers parents $4,600 a birth + $460 a year for 10 years)
- Businesses urged to give employees time over
- Shops offer discounts to larger families
Case Study - HIV/AIDS Botswana, Issues
Issues
- Social stigma to be diagnosed with disease as people have been shunned by their communities. –> thus many people refuse to get tested –> If people don’t know they have the disease –> more likely to pass it on to others.
- Life expectancy fallen dramatically bc of high rates of infection –> life expectancy in Botswana was 58 years in 2011, having fallen from 65 in 1991.
- Most affected group is age range 15-40 –>productive sector of the population –> labour shortage bc of dying/sick people–> Thought that 1/3 of Botwana’s workforce is infected with disease.
- Children become orphans as parents pass away.
- Children get disease in-utero
Case Study - HIV/AIDS Botswana, Solutions
Solutions
- Pregnant women given antiretroviral drugs since 2002 –> 56 child deaths per 1000 in 2001 now 11.1 deaths per 1000 in 2011.
- Companies (eg. Debswana (mining company)) proivde free healthcare + access to antiretroviral durgs + contraception + classes about contraception
- Government carries out awareness campaigns on TV, radio + billboards
- Routine testing carried out + awareness campaigns to promote antiretroviral treatment
- Condoms distributed for free
Case Study - Bangladesh, Impacts
Impacts of overpopulation
- Overcrowded - people forced to live on flood risk land. Floods have cause more than 1 million deaths in past 200 years.
- 40% of population = unemployed. + low wages + short shifts –> low income –> low standard of living
- Not enough education + healthcare for large population. Only 48% of population = literate
- High infant mortality rate
Ageing Population - Impacts
Impacts
- Many elderly dependent causes government difficulities to pay for pensions + healthcare for elderly.
- Social difficulties - young have to care for old (time consuming)
- Eldery people in Japan cannot afford to reitre –> work well into 70s
- Many elderly live below poverty line (low pensions) –> increased homeless elders
- Many depressed elders –> 1/3 of Japan’s suicides are above age 65.
Ageing Population - Solutions
Solutions
- Increase birth rates (improves population balance)
- Offer less demading part time jobs for elderly population
- Increase retirement age –> still contribute to economy
- Roobotic care systems have been suggested –> to help bathe elderly (cons - can malfunction + elderly benefit from social contact)
Case Study - Australia, Impacts
Impacts
- Large reserves of natural resources (Gold, Copper, Natural gas + uranium) - not able to use all resources –> exports (earnings = $200 billion anually.)
- Strong economy + good education –> literacy rate = 99.9% + good healthcare
- Excellent living standard = could support more people.
- Despite many resources - small workforce. If larger workforece they could better exploit natural resources –> grow economy –> better standard of living.
Case Study - Norrland, Causes
- Norrland = 60% of area, 11% of population
- Population Density = 4.9 people per km²
- Skanderna found in Northern Sweden near Norwegian border (rough, tall terrain)
- Large areas of uninhabitable marshland in Norrland.
- Cities cluster by coast.
- Extremely low temperatures (snow 1 meter sometimes) + sunlight radiation –> difficult transport when snow + no agriculture.
- Soil in norrland = moraine –> unsuited for agriculture + iron sulphide in it can cause rusting in houses
- Moraine suited for pine forests.
Case Study - Svealand, Causes
- Svealand + Götaland contain 89% of Swedens population
- 94 people per km²
- Capital city Stockholm –> job oppurtunites etc.
- Soil in southern Sweden very fertile + very temperate climate –> agriculture very easy
- Many ports for trade –> cities established in history.
- Many big cities –> better living standards/ government funding/ oppurtunities –> clustering
China Case Study - Consequences
- Birth rate has fallen, parent concentrate resources on one child, 300-400 million births prevented.
- Against human rights, uneven gender ratio –> led to forced marriages, future ageing population
- Illegal abortions, Abandoned babies (typically girls)