Seventeen Flashcards

(50 cards)

1
Q

What are the 4 components of the glomerus with subcomponents?

A

• Epithelial cells

– Visceral

– Parietal

  • B tM b asement Membrane
  • Endothelial cells
  • Mesangium

– Cells

– M ti a r x

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2
Q

Describe visceral epithelial cells and their function.

A
  • Podocyte
  • F too processes
  • Attach to BM via adhesion proteins (integrins)
  • Produce, maintain GBM
  • Filtration slits extend between foot processes

• Slits are major barrier to passage of plasma
proteins

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3
Q

Describe the filtration slit diaphragm including the proteins involved and the function.

A
  • Modified adherens junction
  • Critical role in glomerular filtration barrier
  • SD proteins control glomerular permeability

• Podocin, nephrin, CD2AP interact with membrane
proteins actin cytoskeleton proteins, actin cytoskeleton

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4
Q

Describe the GBM

A
  • Made by VEC
  • 300 nm thick
  • 3 layers
  • Type IV collagen, laminin,

fibronectin, proteoglycans,

glycoproteins

• Anionic

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5
Q

What are the functions of the mesangium?

A
  • Contract
  • Phagocytosis
  • Synthesize matrix,

cy g tokines, growth factors

• Can proliferate and lay down

new matrix

• Continuous with

extraglomerular cells of JGA

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6
Q

What are 4 possible etiologies of glomerular injury?

A
• Glomerulus
– Immune-mediated
– Hemodynamic
– GBM abnormality
– Podocyte abnormality
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7
Q

What are 3 possible visceral epithelial cell pathologies? What can happen with parietal epithelial cells?

A

• Visceral

– Foot process effacement (fusion)

– Detach from GBM

– Subepithelial (epimembranous) immune deposits

• Parietal
– Proliferate (crescent)

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8
Q

What are 6 GBM pathologies?

A
  • Too thick
  • Too thin
  • Too permeable
  • Infiltrated
  • Anti-GBM
  • Intramembranous immune deposits
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9
Q

Name 2 endothelial cell pathologies.

A
  • Proliferate
  • Subendothelial immune

deposits

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10
Q

Name 4 mesangial pathologies.

A
• Cells/matrix increase
– Expand mesangial area
– Interpose between endothelium and GBM endothelium and GBM“interposition”
• Inflamed
• Intramesangial immune deposits
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11
Q

What do focal, diffuse, segmental, and global mean? What do endocapillary and extracapillary refer to?

A

Focal-some glomeruli in the kidney
Diffuse-all glomeruli
Segmental-only some parts of the glomerulus
Global-The whole glomerulus

• Increased cells
– Endocapillary
– Extracap y( ) illary (crescent)

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12
Q

What are immune deposits? What do they do? What are 4 ways in which they get to the glomerulus? Where in the glomerulus do the immune complexes deposit?

A
  • Deposit = Immune complex
  • A ti n gen-A tib d Antibody

complexes

• Complement activation and Complement activation and
induction of cytotoxic or p y roinflammatory complement components

• Activate macrophages, mesangial cells

• Circulating Ag-Ab compl t di ex trapped in
glomerulus
– Exogenous Antigen Exogenous Antigen
– Endogenous Antigen

• Ab reacts Ab reacts in-situ
– Fixed intrinsic Antigen
–“Planted” Antigen

  • Subepithelial (epimembranous)
  • Subendothelial
  • Intramembrano s Intramembranous
  • Mesangial
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13
Q

Describe the two clinical presentations of glomerular disease. What is pathognomonic for glomerular disease? Which test is necessary?

A

Nephrotic Syndrome

• Proteinuria (PU)
– 3-3.5 g/24h
• Hypoalbuminemia 
• Edema
• Hyperlipidemia
Nephritic Syndrome
• Hematuria
– RBC casts
• Oliguria, azotemia (BUN)
• Hypertension
• Proteinuria

Marked proteinuria or hematuria with RBC cast th i f ts pathognomonic glomerular disease.

Urinalysis

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14
Q

What are the causes of hypoalbuminemia in nephrotic syndrome? What is the cause of hyperlipidemia? Describe the pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome. Describe the

A

• Hypoalbuminemia
– Urine loss
– ? Hepatic synthesis ↓, renal degradation ↑, extra renal
disposition change.

• H li id i Hyperlipidemia
– ↑ VLDL synthesis

Increased permeability to plasma proteins
• Lose size, charge selective protein barrier
• Structural, physicochemical change
– GBM proteoglycans
– Endothelium/epithelium sialoglycoprotein coat
– Slit diap g hra m

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15
Q

What are 6 causes of nephrotic syndrome? How does the likelihood of the causes differ between adults and children?

A

• Diagnosis varies with age

• Children: Primary renal disease, minimal change
disease FSGS

• Adults: Primary or syst i em c disease, membranous
glomerulopathy

  • Minimal Change Disease
  • Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
  • Membranous
  • MPGN
  • Diabetes
  • Amyloidosis
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16
Q

What are some other names for minimal change disease? What are some its clinical characteristics? What does MCD look like with LM/EM?

A
  • Lipoid nephrosis
  • Nil disease
  • MCD
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Children»Adults
  • Selective proteinuria
  • Normal renal function
  • Steroid responsive
  • Not immune complex- mediated
  • T-cell mediated VEC damage with cytokine release, GBM or slit diaphragm damage
  • Loss of glomerular polyanion
  • Mutation in nephrin

Light microscopy
Normal glomeruli
Lipoid Nephrosis (sloughing off of the epithelium (which contains lipid) into the PT lumen, which results in oval fat bodies in urine)

EM
Complete foot process effacement

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17
Q

What is FSGS? What are some of its clinical characteristics?
What are some of its epidemiological characteristics? What is the most common cause of FSGS? What are some other causes?

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

• Nephrotic syndrome
• Nonselective proteinuria
• Less steroid responsive than MCD, >50% ESRD in 5 yrs. 
• Adults - 35% of NS, Children 10% of NS
• More prevalent in African-
American, Hispanic 
  • Primary (idiopathic) most common
  • Renal ablation nephropathy, obesity
  • “Healed” glomerulonephritis
  • HIV, heroin, SS disease
  • Mutations in slit diaphragm proteins
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18
Q

What causes primary FSGS? What causes secondary FSGS?

A

Primary
• VEC injury
• Circulating factor,
cytokine?

Secondary
• Hemodynamic injury-Reduced nephron number relative to body mass (unilateral agenesis, advanced renal disease, obesity)
• Mutation in gene for slit diaphragm protein
– Nephrin, podocin, alpha-actinin-4 TRPC6 4, TRPC6

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19
Q

What does FSGS look like histologically? In LM? EM?

A

LM
• Sclerosis of some, but not all glomeruli (FOCAL
• Sclerosis affects a segment but not all of a glomerulus
(SEGMENTAL)

EM
– Fusion of foot processes (effacement)
– Epithelial detachment

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20
Q

What are some synonyms for membranous nephropathy? What are some clinical characteristics of membranous nephropathy? What is the most common cause? What are some other causes? What are some other association?

A
Epimembranous glomerulonephritis
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Membranous glomerulopathy
MGN
MN 

PU or Nephrotic Syndrome
Adults>Children
25% progress to failure

Usually primary

• Autoimmune disease
• Carcinoma
– Lung, colon, melanoma
• Drugs
– Gold, penicillamine, NSAIDs 
• Infections
– Hep B, C, syphilis, malaria 
• Other associations
    – DM, Renal vein thrombosis
            • ATIII, Protein C and S lost in urine
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21
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy.

A

Chronic immune complex deposition

• In-situ formation: antibody to endogenous VEC autoantigen (autoimmune disease) or planted ag

• Circulating immune complexes:
Endogenous or exogenous ag

22
Q

What is the most common antigen responsible in membranous nephropathy? In which type is it most common? What other antigens can be responsible?

A

• Endogenous in VEC
– In 70% of adults VEC phospholipase A (PLA2R) 2 receptor
– Neutral endopeptidase (NEP)

• Planted antigen Planted antigen
– Hep B, C proteins
– dsDNA histone RNA

23
Q

Describe the LM pathology in membranous nephropathy. EM pathology? Immunoflourescence?

A

LM
No glomerular inflammation, no intracapillary proliferation
• Spikes on subepithelial GBM

EM
• Subepithelial (epimembranous) immune deposits
• Spikes are projections of lamina densa around deposits

Immunoflourescence
• Diffuse granular immune deposits along GBM
(antibody + complement)

24
Q

What are some synonyms for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis? What are some clinical characteristics? What are the types?

A

MPGN

Mesangiocapillary GN

Hypocomplementemic GN

Lobular GN

• Children, young adults

Nephritic OR nephrotic

  • Hypocomplementemic
  • Can progress to ESRD
Two types
Type I
Type II (Dense Deposit Disease)
25
What is the pathology of membranoproliferative GN? Which type is more common?
• Proliferation of mesangial cell l l l lls along glomerular basement membrane in subendothelial location subendothelial location • Type I and II similar by LM – I more common than II I more common than II
26
What is the pathogenesis in type I MPGN? What are some causes? waht does it look like with LM? EM? IF?
* Circulating immune complexes lead to complement activation * Idiopathic ``` • Secondary – Infectious: Hepatitis B, C, endocarditis, shunt infection – SLE – Chronic liver disease Chronic liver disease – Hereditary complement deficiency – Chronic Liver disease – Cryogloblinemia – IV drug use ``` LM • Enlarged lobular cellular glomeruli mesangial proliferation, inflamed • Interposition of mesangial cells between endothelium and GBM “double contour” EM • Subendothelial, mesangial deposits • Interposition of mesangial cells between GBM and endothelium IF IgG, complement granular deposits over glomerular capillary loops
27
Describe the pathogenesis of Dense deposit disease. What does it look likes in LM? EM? IF?
• Circulating IgG autoantibody C3 Nephritic Factor (C3NeF) binds to and stabilizes C3bBb (C3 convertase), which causes enhanced C3 breakdown, low C3, increased biologically active C3b LM Like type I EM Dense homogenous ribbon of deposits in GBM IF C3 in GBM adjacent to dense deposits, in mesangium No IgG
28
Describe the pathogenesis and pathophys of diabetic nephropathy.
Part of microangiopathy – Retinopathy, coronary artery disease, peripheral nerves • Hyperfiltration “theory” – glomerular hypertension, hyperfiltration, hyperperfusion • Metabolic “theory” – Insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia lead to AGEs (nonenzymatic glycated proteins, lipids) – AGEs react with RAGE, generate growth factors, cytokines with glomerular injury * Common in diabetics (30%) * Nonenzymatic glycosylation of GBM proteins increases permeability * Proteinuria, glucosuria * Progress to ESRD * Function of severity, duration of hyperglycemia, hypertension, smoking, ?genetic factors * Hemodynamic injury (increased GFR, capillary pressure)
29
How does diabetic nephropathy look with LM? EM?
LM • Enlarged glomeruli, increased mesangial matrix • Nodular glomerulosclerosis – Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesion • Hyaline arteriolosclerosis of afferent and efferent arteriole EM • GBM thickened • Mesangium expanded – Cells + matrix increase
30
What is amyloidosis? What are some symptoms? What occurs in renal amyloidosis?
* Systemic disease * Accumulation of misfolded proteins in many organs * Hepatosplenomegaly, heart failure, neuropathy, macroglossia, carpal tunnel syndrome ``` RENAL AMYLOIDOSIS • Amyloid accumulates in glomerulus • AL (g ) y light chain) amyloid (80%) or AA (Serum amy ) loid A) • Massive proteinuria • Can progress to ESRD ```
31
What does renal amyloidosis look like on LM? Special stains?
* Early - amyloid in mesangium * Late – obliteration of capillary loop * Interstitium, vessels infiltrated by amyloid * With Congo red stain, polarized light, amyloid polarized light, amyloid has apple green birefringence ``` EM Amyloid fibrils (pick up sticks) ```
32
What are the nephritic syndromes usually associated with ? What are some clinical characteristics? List 6 disorders that results in nephritic syndrome.
Acute glomerulonephritis, proliferative inflammatory process Usually acute Hematuria, RBC casts (RBCs from glomerulus join up in tubule) Azotemia, proteinuria, hypertension, oliguria ``` Acute glomerulonephritis SLE IgA nephropathy Anti-GBM Nephritis Hereditary Nephritis Rapidly progressive GN ```
33
What are some clinical aspects of acute glomerulonephritis? What is the etiology? What are some lab findings?
Common Sudden onset nephritic syndrome Good prognosis in children 1-4 wk after infection with nephritogenic strain of Gp A beta hemolytic strep (impetigo or strep throat) Other infections (Staph, pneumococcus, HIV, IM, malaria Elevated ASO titer, circulating immune complexes, hypocomplementemia RBC casts, smoky colored urine
34
Describe the pathogenesis of acute GN.
Trapped circulating or in situ immune complex formation Antigen part of infectious organism planted in glomerulus Cationic antigens NAPlr from nephritogenic strep and SPE B in glomeruli
35
What does acute GN look like with LM? EM? IF?
LM Enlarged glomeruli Endocapillary hypercellularity (neutrophils, monocytes Extracapillary hypercellularity possible EM Humpshaped or dome shaped subepithelial deposits Occasional subendothelial deposits IF granular IgG, C3 over capillary walls Lumpy Bumpy
36
What are some clinical characteristics of lupus?
``` Multiple immune system abnormalities Many SLE patients have renal disease -90% will have abnormal renal biopsy Nephritic or Nephrotic Positive ANA -Anti dsDNA, Anti Sm (core proteins of ribonucleoproteins), very specific for lupus ```
37
What is kidney look like under LM in lupus ? EM? IF
LM Can look like anything: ``` Glomeruli enlarged, endocapillary proliferation, inflamed Segmental necrosis, karyorrehexis Capillary loop thrombi May have extracapillary proliferation Wire loop lesions ``` ``` EM Deposits can be anywhere: Subendothelial Subepithelial Mesangial Intramembranous ``` IF Deposits can be anywhere: IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C1q over BM, in mesangium="Full house" pattern
38
What are some epidemiological characterists of IgA nephropathy? Clinical? Describe the two forms.
``` Children, young adults Boys > girls flank pain Recurrent hematuria Most common glomerular disease worldwide -Japan, europe Can progress to ESRD ``` ``` Henoch Schoenlein Purpura -palpable purpura (dermal hemorrhage, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, IgA in dermal vessel walls), buttocks arthralgias colicky abdominal pain renal disease ``` Berger Disease -limited to kidney
39
What are some ways to get secondary IgA nephropathy?
``` Liver disease -Cirrhosis Intestinal autoimmune diseases with gluten intolerance -celiac disease -dermatitis herpetiformis IBD, sarcoidosis, HIV, neoplasis ```
40
Describe the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy
IgA1 molecule is normally galactosylated with GalNac and Gal. This is reduced This incites antibody response IgA nephropathy may have increased IgA concentration
41
What does LM look like in IgA nephropathy? IF? EM?
``` LM Mesangial proliferation (cells and matrix) ``` IF Mesangial IgA containing immune complexes and C3 EM Mesangial electron dense deposits
42
Describe rapidly progressing GM. What are the causes?
``` Rapidly loss in renal function Oliguria Renal failure >60% crescents May become anephric -90% of untreated have ESRD ``` Idiopathic Associated with other renal or systemic disease Immune mediated in most cases
43
Describe the 3 types of RPGN.
``` Type I-Anti GBM disease type II-Due to immune complex nephritis -SLE, IgA, post-streptococcal Type III-Pauci-immune -no renal deposits -ANCA associated vascultis Wegeners, microscopic polyangiitis ```
44
Describe RPGN under LM.
LM Focal segmental necrosis endocapillary proliferation extracapillary proliferation
45
What is the epidemiology of Type I RPGN? Describe clinical aspects. Describe pathogenesis
``` Rare, young men <5% of glomerulonephritites, Can have pulmonary hemorrhage, necrotizing alveolitis (Goodpastures) Anti GBM antibody Rapidly progressive Plasmapheresis can help. ``` Autoimmune disease Autoantibody to intrinsic GBM antigen (Col4A3 usually) -Antigen usually cryptic Anti-GBM may cross react with alveolar BM in goodpasture syndrome
46
What does Anti-GBM disease look like with IF? Type II RPGN? Type III?
Anti-GBM binds with a diffuse linear pattern. Type II-Granular immune complex label (underlying disease) Type III-Pauci-immune-no glomerular label.
47
Decribe the two pathogeneses for type III RPGN.
Underlying small vessel vasculitis, ANCA + Wegeners Disease-necrotizing GN, granulomatous sinusitis, pulmonary hemorrhage Microscopic polyangiitis-Necrotizing GN w/o sinus disease or granulomas
48
Describe the clinical presentation in hereditary nephritis (alport syndrome). Clinical characteristics?
Episodic hematuria (early) Proteinuria, hypertension, ESRD late Can be isolated renal disease, or part of multisystem disease Sensorineural deafness, lens defect, cataracts Xlinked (80%)-Men usually have it worse, women variable AD, AR (20%)
49
Describe the pathogenesis for the different inheritances of alport syndrome
X-linked = mutation with COL4A5 which is on the x chromosome. Leads to abnormal GBM assembly and structure. Not immune injury. Some develop Anti-GBM allograft. AD/AR-COL4A (3/4) which is on chromosome 2.
50
Describe how hereditary nephritis looks on LM. EM?
LM Normal or segmental mesangial proliferation Progress to glomerulosclerosis and tubular atrophy EM Early-Thin GBM Late-Lamellar GBM