sexual deteriation

Question 1

mesonephric duct

Answer 1

future male ducts

Question 2

paramesonephric duct

Answer 2

future female duct

Question 3

SPY protein

Answer 3

1.) upregulate SOX9
2.) upregulate fibroblast growth factor (Fgf9) -> stimulate sertoli differentiation (sperm production)
3.) upregulate SOX9

Question 4

puberty: sex hormone secretion

Answer 4

GnRH-secreting neuron mature -> more GnRH secretion -> more LH and FSH production

Question 5

Puberty: rapid growth

Answer 5

adolescent growth spurt
-> due to sex steroid and GH

Question 6

Male puberty

Answer 6

increase androgen production

Question 7

male puberty mechanism

Answer 7

1.) hypothalamus release more GnRH in anterior pituitary
2.) GnRH binds to pituitary gonatropic cell -> secrete more LH and FSH
LH: bind to Leydig cell -> produce testosterone
FSH: stimulate sertoli cell to release androgen binding protein to keep conc of testosterone high
3.) testosterone enter bloodstream:
- stimulate maturation of sex organs
- development and maintainance of secondary sex characteristic
4.) rising testosterone: inhibit the secretion of LH and FSH
(maintain normal production of sperm)

Question 8

female puberty mechanism

Answer 8

1.) hypothalamus release GnRH
2.) LH act on theca cell: release androgen; FSH act on granulosa cell: convert androgen to estrogen
3.) increased estrogen level inhibit release of FSH, LH
–> only dominant follicle can survive
4.) the survived follicle can stimulate the secretion of estrogen (positive feedback mechanism)
5.) high estrogen level: LH surge -> trigger ovulation; transform raptured follicle into corpus luteum
5.) corpus luteum produce estrogen and progesterone: inhibit release of LH and FSH

Question 9

Proliferate phases

Answer 9

1.) endometrium rebuild and form a new functional layer (due to estrogen)
2.) endometrium become velvety and thick
3.)estrogen induce endometrial cell to synthesis androgen receptor (want to interact with androgen)
4.) cervical mucus become thin and watery

Question 10

postovulatory phase

Answer 10

rising level of progesterone:
- spiral arteries elaborate and convert functional layer to secretory mucosa
- endometrial glands enlarge -> more nutrient secrete to the uterine wall
- sustain embryo
- cervical mucus turns back viscous
- inhibit LH release

Question 12

Menopause

Answer 12

hot rashes and night sweat -> vasodilation of skin arteries
osteoporosis -> less estrogen
-> (bone reabsorption > bone formation)
heart defect