Sexual offending Flashcards
(57 cards)
Name some types of sex offending.
Child molestation, sadism, rape, exhibitionism, voyerism, masochism, paraphilia.
What did Williams et al. (2009) find when looking at rates of deviance in male undergrad Candians using self-reports?
Found high levels of fantasies (68% sexual assault, 13% paedophilia, 62% sadism) but much lower actual behaviour.
Found a strong correlation between fantasies and behaviours.
Psychopathic traits were shown to be a strong predictor of if fantasises were translated into behaviours.
What did Kendrick et al. (1998) find when exploring the origins of sexual interest in goats/sheep?
Male goats alsmost always chose to mate with female sheep, vice versa for male sheep - this persisted for every year follow up.
Female goats only slightly prefer male sheep for hte first year btu after 2 years they return to choosing to mate with male goats, vice versa for female sheep.
What does the Kendrick et al. (1998) study suggest about the development of sexual interest?
Males have a critical period in developing their sexual preference whereas females are a lot more fluid and dynamic.
What are some methods people have used to try and alter sexual interest?
Castration, lobotomies, electric shocks
What did the APA say about Sexual Orientation Change Effects (SOCE)?
Found no evidence for such changes but concluded that the evidence (for either way) is poor.
What did Freund (1990) suggest about altering sexual interest?
You can alter the strength of the drive but not its direction.
What did McPhail and Oliver (2020) find after conducting a meta-analysis about the efforts to change paedophilic attractions using PPG not self-report?
Behavioural and pharmacological interventions show ‘moderate to large’ effects of reducing paedophilic arousal.
What is the problem with the McPhail and Olver (2020) results when assessing paedophilic attraction?
Results show that penile arousal to children was reduced - not increased arousal to adults.
What model is suggested to be the pathway to sexual offending?
Finkelhor model
What are the four stages of the Finkelhor model?
- Thinking stage
- Giving permission
- Creating the opportunity
- Overcoming the victim’s resistance
What is stage 1 of the Finkelhor model?
Thinking stage.
Motivations, looks for the ‘idea to offend’
What is stage 2 of the Finkelhor model?
Giving permission.
Overcoming internal inhibitions, attempts to ‘get around’ this by using justifications or cognitive distortions.
What is stage 3 of the Finkelhor model?
Creating the opportunity.
Overcoming external inhibitions, some degree of planning goes into an offence.
What is stage 4 of the Finkelhor model?
Overcoming the victim’s resistance.
Only part of the model which is illegal. Use of force, threats, weapons, drugs, grooming
What did Wollert (2006) suggest?
Base rates of sexual offending are so low there is almost no point detaining anyone.
What did Hanson (2002) find when looking at convictions of sex offenders?
After 8 years 22% had a charge/conviction for a sexual crime.
Correlation between time at large and recidivism was large.
Why is it so difficult to asses rates of sex offending?
Based on charges and convictions - majority of sex crimes aren’t reported.
Mnay crimes that are sexually motivated do not appear so on their PNC.
What did Grubin (2003) find when usuing a polygraph with child sex offenders?
Increased number of victims admitted to after using the polygraph (500% increase).
Which factors did Hanson and Bussiere (1998) find to be predictive of sexual violence?
Sexual deviance, previous sexual crimes, early onset of sexual offending, having a previous male/stranger victim and past criminal history.
What were some surprising factors that weren’t found to be predictive of sexual violence by Hanson and Bussiere (1998)?
Being sexually abused as a child, substance abuse, general psychological problems, treatment.
What did Mann et al. (2010) aim to find in his meta-analysis examining sexual violence predictors?
Psychologically meaningful risk factors - factors that can be dynamic, causal to offending, and a target for treatment.
What factors were found to be not related to sexual recidivism in the Mann et al (2010) meta-analysis?
Depression, poor social skills, poor victim empathy, lack of motivation for treatment.
What factors were found to be predictive of sexual offending in the Mann et al. (2010) meta-analysis?
Ones not really associated with sexual violence - just general antisocial behaviours.
