Sexual Selection

Question 1

Sexual selection

Answer 1

a special case of natural selection related to the evolution of sexual characteristics

Question 2

Primary sexual characteristics

Answer 2

differences in male and female genitalia

Question 3

Secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 3

traits that attract mates competition or attraction

Question 4

Intrasexual competition

Answer 4

same sex competition for mating/reproduction

Question 5

Intersexual competition

Answer 5

members of one sex choose the opposite sex member for mating/reproduction

Question 6

What are the 3 principles of Bateman’s principle?

Answer 6

1) females are choosy & males are indiscriminate
2) variation in male reproductive success
3) degree of parental investment is inversely related to reproductive success (defined as total number of offspring produced during the selection episode)

Question 7

Sex with greatest investment has least __________ in reproductive success

Answer 7

variability

Question 8

Investment in each offspring is _________, thus increase in one results in _______ in another

Answer 8

independent

decrease

Question 9

What is included in the total parental investment per season?

Answer 9

sum of investments in all offspring

Question 10

Average investment

Answer 10

total investment divided by the # of offspring

Question 11

How is the degree of sexual competition in males calculated?

Answer 11

the ratio of the number of offspring

Question 12

Sexual selection is strong in __________ and ____________ species

Answer 12

Polygamous

Polyandrous

Question 13

________ __________ in reproductive success increase sexual selective pressure for secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 13

Greater variation

Question 14

Promotes _________ selection for traits size or signal intensity

Answer 14

directional

Question 15

What are the 4 classes of evolutionary models based on female choice?

Answer 15

1) direct benefits
2) good genes
3) runaway selection
4) sensory exploitation

Question 16

Unifying theme of female mate choice theory is that choice is under ______ _______, thus _________ is linked to reproductive success

Answer 16

genetic control

behavior

Question 17

What is one example of direct benefits in mate choice?

Answer 17

scorpion flies providing nuptial gifts in the form of food during mating

Question 18

What is one example of good genes in mate choice?

Answer 18

pronghorn antelope females selecting males based on harem defenders (on with most favorable traits)

Question 19

What does Zuk-Hamilton’s model of parasite resistance state?

Answer 19

traits are true indicators of genetic quality are superior

Question 20

When and who devised the model of male fitness?

Answer 20

in 1982 by Kirkpatrick

Question 21

Females come in two __________ based types and the elaborate male trait is _________ based.

Answer 21

genetically x2

Question 22

What is an example of a sensory bias and mate choice?

Answer 22

preference in frog mating call (Ryan in 1990)

chose low frequency call over normally selected mating call

Question 23

Male trait is preferred initially because it elicits a prior held sensory/neurobiological bias, then it becomes associated with mate choice secondarily. What model does this represent?

Answer 23

sensory bias and mate choice

Question 24

Sexual imprinting

Answer 24

early social experience that affects species recognition in adults during courtship and mating

Question 25

What are the 3 types of imprinting?

Answer 25

1) Filial 2) Sexual 3) Chemical

Question 26

Filial imprinting

Answer 26

following response, preference for imprinted object

Question 27

Sexual imprinting

Answer 27

mating preference

Question 28

Chemical imprinting

Answer 28

site preference, usually for egg laying

Question 29

Mate-choice copying

Answer 29

female preferences is affected other female choice in the population

Question 30

Who found out that in grouse leks had a correlation between number of matings and tendency for females to copy?

Answer 30

Gibson in 1992

Question 31

Intrasexual selection processes are ____ risk among competitors.

Answer 31

high

Question 32

Male's reproductive success in red deer is dependent with _____ ____ and _____. Discovered in 1982 by _______-______.

Answer 32

>body size >age >Clutton-Brock

Question 33

Curvilinear function

Answer 33

immature and older males show lower reproduction rates than males at peak physical fitness

Question 34

Male-male competition by interference

Answer 34

female incite male competition to increase probability of mating with high ranking males

Question 35

_________ comparison shows association between sexual dimorphism & harem size in pinnipeds

Answer 35

Phylogenetic