SF Coverage Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
pine cone shaped, attached on midbrain
A
Pineal gland
2
Q
Pineal Gland
Converts: Serotonin —> _
A
Melatonin
3
Q
Melatonin =
A
sexual development and sleep/wake cycle
4
Q
Hormone of Darkness
A
Melatonin
5
Q
Melatonin: “Hormone of Darkness”
Descriptions:
A
Reduce skin pigmentation
Anti-oxidant along with vitamin C
Controlled by Nerve stimuli
6
Q
located at the base of the brain
A
Hypothalamus
7
Q
Source of tropic hormones —> go to other endocrine glands
A
Hypothalamus
8
Q
Pineal gland is controlled by?
A
Nerve stimuli
9
Q
Hypothalamus controls ____ by Neurosecretory and Neurostimulation
A
Pituitary gland
10
Q
Hypothalamus Controls pituitary gland by _ and _
A
Neurosecretory and Neurostimulation
11
Q
Functions of Hypothalamus
(7)
A
- Blood pressure
- Rate & force of heart beat
- Digestive tract motility
- Rate and depth of breathing
- Pleasure, Fear, Rage
- Body temp
- Hunger, Satiety, Sleep cycle
(BP, HB, D, Breath, Emotions, BTemp, Hss)
12
Q
a Tripeptide
A
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
13
Q
Goes to pituitary gland ➡️ ___ ➡️ ___
A
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) ➡️ T3T4
14
Q
10 amino acids
A
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
15
Q
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Released at onset of _ (for sexual development)
A
puberty
16
Q
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Goes to pituitary gland ➡️ __, __ ➡️ __, __
A
LH (Luteinizing Hormone), FSH (Follicule Stimulating Hormone) ➡️ Estrogen, Testosterone
17
Q
44 amino acids
A
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
18
Q
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
- Goes to pituitary gland ➡️ __
A
growth hormone
19
Q
41 amino acids
A
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
20
Q
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Acts ➡️ cells ➡️ __ of pituitary gland ➡️ __
A
anterior lobe ➡️ ACTH (adenocorticotropic hormone)
21
Q
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
A
Somatostatin
22
Q
Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
– with 2 active forms, one with __ amino acid and one with __ amino acid
A
14 and 28
23
Q
Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) INHIBITS ?
A
GH (Growth hormone) and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
24
Q
Somatostatin
- acts on ___
- also produced in ___ & ___
A
- Acts on anterior lobe of PG
- Also produced in PANCREAS & INTESTINE
25
Hormone derived from tyrosine
Dopamine
26
Dopamine Inhibits release of _ from anterior lobe of PG
prolactin
27
Hypophysis
Pituitary Gland
28
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) – means to “?”
Spit mucus
29
Pituitary gland is generally for ?
growth, metabolism, milk production and pregnancy
(GMMP)
30
Cells of Pituitary Glands
Cells:
Lactotrophs ➡️ prolactin
Somatotrophs ➡️ Growth hormone
Thyrotrophs ➡️ TSH
Corticotrophs ➡️ ACTH
Gonadotrophs ➡️ FSH, LH
31
2 regions or Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)
Neurohypophysis and Adenohypophysis
32
Neurohypophysis
- storage for __ & __
ADH & Oxytocin
33
Neurohypophysis
- From _ cells of hypothalamus
neurosecretory
34
Thin layer of cells produce Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Intermediate lobe of pars intermedialis
35
Produce large hormones, more complex than hypothalamus
Adenohypophysis
36
pituitary tumors
Hypopituitarism
37
No pituitary function
Panhypopituitarism
38
Shock of pregnant girl at time of delivery
Sheehan’s syndrome (Pituitary ischemia)
39
with 191 amino acids
Growth hormone
40
Most important for growth & most abundant
Growth hormone
41
Growth hormone Modifiers:
- Exercise, Sleep
- Arginine
- Sex steroids
- alpha-agonist drugs
- Beta-blockers
- Hypoglycemia
42
Growth hormone
- Calcium retention on bones
- Mineralization of bones
- Protein synthesis, Lipolysis
43
Growth hormone (Somatotropin) structurally related to
PRL and HPL
44
Excess of GH in Adenohypophysis results to
Acromegaly, Gigantism
45
Overall metabolic effect of GH
Conservation of Glucose
46
gold standard/Confirmatory for Growth Hormone
Insulin Tolerance test
47
2nd confirmatory for Growth Hormone
Arginine stimulation test
48
__ causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Gonadotropins
49
Gonadotropins (FSH/LH)
- Inhibited by ? ( _ marker of _)
Inhibin A (4th marker of Down Syndrome)
50
Gonadotropins acts on the cells of __ __ to produce __, __, ___
Acts on the cells of ovarian follicles to produce Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone
51
Decrease Gonadotropins means
Sterility
52
Uses (to evaluate) of Gonadotropin:
-Infertility (with other hormones)
-Functioning gonads
-Early/Late puberty
-Menstrual problems
-Menopause
53
Leutinizing Hormone:
- Girls = ?
- Boys = ?
Girls = menstrual cycle and ovulation
Boys = stimulate production of testosterone by leydig cells
54
Follicle Stimulating Hormone:
- Girl = ?
- Boys = ?
- Girl = mens & eggs by ovaries
- Boys = sperm production (constant amount)
55
Stress hormone
Prolactin
56
Prolactin are produced by
Lactotrophs
57
Prolactin is also for ?
For production of breast milk
58
What time when Prolactin is highest?
Highest: 4-8am and 8-10pm
59
Direct effector
Prolactin
60
TSH Travels to __ then adds __ to produce __
Travels to thyroid gland then adds iodine = T3, T4
61
TSH With 2 monocovalently subunits:
α = 92 amino acid sequence (same w/ LH, FSH, HCG)
β = with 118 amino acids and specific info to the
binding receptors of hormonal activities
62
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) "Corticotropin" activates ?
Cortisol
63
single chain polypeptide
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
64
Specimen of ACTH
NO CONTACT WITH GLASS
65
Peak and Low time for ACTH
Peak: 6-8am
Low: 6-11pm
66
Oxytocin is primarily produced in the _ of the hypothalamus.
paraventricular nuclei
67
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/vasopressin) is primarily produced in the __ of the hypothalamus.
supraoptic nuclei
68
Oxytocin - For Contraction of uterus
Fergusson reflex
69
Oxytocin plays a crucial role in muscle contraction during ?
Delivery and Lactation
70
Oxytocin is produced due to:
Stimulation of Birth canal (during labor)
Touch receptor of the breast during breast feeding
71
Hormone that is Emotional influence: “Cry of a Hungry baby”
Oxytocin
72
Functions and effects of ADH
Conserve water and constricts blood vessels
73
Sites of action of ADH
Act on DCT and CD of kidneys
74
ADH is Stimulated by:
Low BP, Hypovolemia, fright, pain,
nicotine, narcotics, barbiturates and increase plasma osmolality
75
ADH is Inhibited by
alcohol, Dilantin, α-agonists
76
ADH maximum
>295mosm/kg
77
ADH Coupled with_ and induce _
insertion in the tubular luminal membrane
Adenylate cyclase, aquaporin-2
78
Decrease of ADH results to;
Diabetes insipidus (>2L/day urine)
79
ADH def./Hypothalamus
Neurogenic
80
Kidney receptors impaired
Nephrogenic
81
ADH Increases due to:
SIADH – increase ADH without stimuli
- Due to brain injury, trauma, tumors, lung cancer
- Increase water retention, hypo-osmolality,
hyponatremia
82
___ - butterfly shaped, 2 lobes separated by
Thyroid gland, Isthmus
83
LARGEST ENDOCRINE GLAND
Thyroid Gland
84
Follicular epithelium
T3, T4
85
Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin
86
Functions of Thyroid Gland
produce thyroid hormones, iodine storage
87
Normal Thyroid iodide to plasma iodide ratio
25-40:1
88
needed for Hormone synthesis
IODINE
89
Iodine:
Intake: __ = hormone secretion deficiency
<50ug/day
90
Iodine = ____ - normal function
1mg/week (150ug/day) = normal function
91
organized thyroid cells
- absorbs iodine (ring shape)
Follicles
92
reservoir of materials for hormone production
(rich in glycoprotein thyroglobulin) surrounded by follicle
- A viscous substance
Colloid
93
- with Tyrosyl groups (rich in tyrosine)
- Major component of colloid
Thyroglobulin
94
Thyroglobulin presence in the blood indicates __
Tumor (malignant/benign)
95
Thyroglobulin increases in ?
graves disease, thyroiditis and nodular goiter
96
6 steps of Biosynthesis which controlled by TSH
1. Iodide trapping/Uptake
2. Oxidation
3. Iodination of tyrosyl residues by TPO
4. Coupling/Condensation reaction
5. Thyroglobulin is then moved to the colloid for storage
6. Exocytosis of colloid droplets
97
Lumen iodide to follicular iodide (ratio)
5:1
98
Where does the Iodide trapping/uptake (by Na-iodide symporter) happen?
At basal membrane of follicular cells
99
Oxidation
- Conversion of iodide to elemental iodide by __ __ enzyme
thyroid peroxidase
100
Iodothyronine formed at optical barrier, follicular cells =
Monoiodothyronine & Diiodothyronine
101
(Building blocks) Iodothyronine formed at optical barrier, follicular cells =
Monoiodothyronine & Diiodothyronine
102
Coupling/Condensation reaction
T4= _ + _ by TPO
DIT + DIT (Diiodothyronine)
103
Coupling/Condensation reaction
T3 = _ + _
Monoiodothyronine (MIT) + Diiodothyronine (DIT)
104
Percentage of T4 binding proteins
99.95% T4 = Plasma protein, 0.05% = Free
105
TBG = measured by _
immunoassay
106
TBG: _% of T4
75%
107
TBPA: __-__ % of T4
15-20%
108
Affects TBG, T4 Binding
Salicylates, phenytoin, penicillin, heparin – affect TBG, T4 binding
109
T3 binding proteins – —% Free
0.5%
110
T3 Binding proteins
-TBG: ?%
- TBPA: ?
- TBA: ?!
- TBG: 99.5%
- TBPA: very low
- TBA: none!
111
8 Physiologic Actions of Thyroid Gland
1. Basal Metabolic Rate
- Heat generation
- Increase BMR
2. Tissue growth – (with GH & Somatomedin)
- Normal bone growth, formation & maturation
3. CNS development – dependent on TH in prenatal period
4. ANS
5. CV & Respiratory Systems
- Control oxygen consumption
- Ensure oxygen delivery to tissue
6. GIT – increase motility, secretion, absorption
7. Skin – increase heat production, sweating
8. Lactogenesis
112
Enzyme for for deiodination
Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase
113
deiodinase
for T3 circulation (most abundant)
- Found in liver and kidney
Type 1
114
deiodinase
found in brain, maintains T3 levels in CNS
Type 2
115
Thyroid Gland (Metabolism and Secretion)
__ (major) secretory hormone - from direct TG secretion (6-7 days)
T4
116
Ratio T4:T3 in blood
20:1
117
_ deiodination: T4 accounts _% of plasma T3
Extrathyrodial, 80%
118
Site of deiodinate T4
Liver/Kidney
119
Apart from liver and kidney, where do T4 converts to T3/rT3?
Peripheral tissue
120
3rd major circulating thyroid hormone
rT3
121
__ ?
- Elevated in patients with Euthyroid sick syndrome
- Used to assess borderline or conflicting laboratory results
rT3
122
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
LOW TH =
INCREASE T3, T4 =
Low TH = increase TRH & TSH
Increase T3, T4 = decrease TRH & TSH
123
TH metabolized by ?
deiodination,
deamination,
conjugation (by glucoronic acid)
124
4 Isoforms of T3 receptors:
α1 - present in most tissues
α2 – inhibitory of thyroid hormones
β1 – works with α1
β2 – in pituitary, for negative feedback
125
TH Serum iodide:
High =
Low =
High = transport inhibited, high DIT, T4
Low = more absorbed, high MIT, T3
126
Triiodothyronine (T3) known as ?
3, 5, 3’ TriIodothyronine
127
With most hormonal activity in TH
Triiodothyronine (T3)
128
Triiodothyronine (T3) for diagnosing “?”
T3 thyrotoxicosis
129
T3 is indicator of recovery or recurrence of ?
Hyperthyroidism (low in cord blood)
130
T3 is Measured by
competitive immunoassay
131
physiologically active form of T3
FT3
132
Mostly produce in TH
Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
133
- Principal secretory product
- MAJOR fraction of Organic iodine
- Prohormone of T3
Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
134
indicator of thyroid secretory rate
Serum T4
135
Associated Disease:
increase T3 and T4, decrease TAG level
Hyperthyroidism
136
HYPERTHYROIDISM– increase T3 and T4, decrease TAG level
Signs and symptoms:
- Heat intolerance (increase sweating)
- Emotionally labile
- Tachycardia
- Unexplained weight loss
- Tremors, restlessness, hyperkinesis, anxiety, irritability
- With diarrhea and increase appetite
137
Primary Hyperthyroidism
Increases ?
Decreases ?
Normal ?
increase T3,T4, FT4, rT3;
decrease TSH,
normal TBG
138
Secondary Hyperthyroidism
Increases
increase T3, T4, and TSH
139
DISEASE :
- with diffuse toxic goiter
- most common, autoimmune
- 6x more common in girls
- Due to circulating antibodies to TSH receptor
- With Exophthalmos and Pritibial Myxedema
Grave’s Disease
140
Test for Grave’s disease
TSH receptor antibody test
141
thyroid is woody/stony hard mass
Riedel’s thyroiditis
142
- low TSH, normal FT3 & FT4
- without symptoms
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
143
- painful thyroiditis
- TPO antibody is absent
- Increase Thyroglobulin and ESR
Subacute granulomatous
144
decrease T3 and T4, increase TAG level
HYPOTHYROIDISM
145
HYPOTHYROIDISM Signs and Symptoms :
- Cold intolerance (decrease sweating)
- Bradychardia, Fatigue
- Dryness of skin
- Unexplained weight gain, dyspnea, hair loss
- Mental dullness, muscle weakness, constipation
- Yellow discoloration of skin (hypercarotenemia)
- Decrease Na+, increase CK
146
Severe signs and symptoms of Hypothyroidism
Pleural and Peritoneal effusions, irregular mens,
periorbital edema, myopathy, anemia
147
? – “chronic autoimmune thyroiditis”
- “Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis”
- Common cause of primary hypothyroidism
- Thyroid is replaced by nest of lymphoid tissue
sensitized T-cells bind to cell membrane causing
cell Lysis and inflammatory reaction
- With Goiter
Hashimoto’s disease
148
Disease
- peculiar nonpitting swelling of skin. Skin infiltrated by mucopolysaccharide
- “puffy face” (moon face)
- Weight gain, slow speech
- Thin eyebrows, dry yellow skin
Myxedema
149
- Development/functional defect of gland
- Retarded child
Congenital hypothyroidism
150
(Non-thyroidal illness)
- Acutely ill but w/o thyroid disease (low TSH =
acute)
- Low T3 and T4, Normal to high TSH, high rT3
- Abnormal TBG
Euthyroid Sick syndrome
