SFP: cardiovascular overview

Question 1

Which side of the heart pumps to the lungs?

Answer 1

Right

Question 2

Which side of the heart pumps to the system?

Answer 2

Left

Question 3

What are considered the elastic vessels?

Answer 3

The aorta and major arteries

Question 4

What are considered the resistance vessels?

Answer 4

Arterioles and metarterioles

Question 5

Where does fluid and nutrient exchange occur?

Answer 5

Capillaries

Question 6

What does it mean that organs run in a parallel circuit?

Answer 6

They receive blood from the arterial side, and return blood to the venous side

Question 7

What are the advantages of parallel circuits?

Answer 7

We can shut blood off to certain organs and redirect it to where it is needed.

Organs receive blood of the same composition and can return waste products to the venous side. Total resistance is reduced in the heart.

Question 8

What is the typical oxygen content in men and women?

Answer 8

15 g/mL and 13 g/mL respectively

Question 9

__ g of hemoglobin combines with __ mL of O2

Answer 9

1; 1.34

Question 10

Blood volume is about __% of our mass.

Answer 10

7

Question 11

2/3 of the blood in our body can be found in?

Answer 11

Veins, venules, and venous sinuses

Question 12

Describe the general flow of blood through the heart.

Question 13

Heart sounds come from…

Answer 13

Valves closing

Question 14

What is meant by the term incompetent valves?

Answer 14

They allow regurgitation

Question 15

What is meant by stenotic valves?

Answer 15

They require extra work to open

Question 16

Which side of the heart has low pressure, and which has high pressure?

Answer 16

Right has low pressure, left has high pressure

Question 17

What is the difference between systole and diastole?

Answer 17

Systole involves contraction of the muscle and ejection of blood, while diastole involves relaxing of the muscle and filling with blood

Question 18

What is isovolumetric contraction?

Question 19

What is isovolumetric relaxation?

Question 20

What is end diastolic volume?

Answer 20

Blood has filled the ventricle and contraction is about to start; this is as big as the ventricle will be, and the volume of the ventricle is the EDV

Question 21

What is end systolic volume?

Answer 21

Blood has left the ventricle, contraction has occurred, and relaxation is about to begin again; this is as small as the ventricle will be and the volume of the ventricle is the ESV

Question 22

Do the right and left ventricles have the same contraction pattern?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

A normal heart weight between __ and __ grams?

Answer 23

200-425

Question 24

On X-ray, cardiac silhouette is about __% of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 24

50%

Question 25

What acts as the intrinsic pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 25

SA node

Question 26

What equation do we use to measure pump performance?

Answer 26

CO = SV x HR

Question 27

What is stroke volume?

Answer 27

Volume of blood ejected from a ventricle in one beat

Question 28

What is cardiac output?

Answer 28

The volume of blood ejected from a ventricle over one minute

Question 29

Describe the relationship between SV and CO in the left and right heart.

Answer 29

They must be the same over time

Question 30

What is a normal cardiac index?

Answer 30

2.5-4 L/min/m2

Question 31

What is ejection fraction?

Answer 31

The percentage of blood ejected with every beat; measured by SV/EDV

Question 32

What is the Fick technique?

Answer 32

A method of measuring cardiac output that requires sampling of arterial and venous blood as well as a measurement of oxygen consumption

Question 33

What is the Fick equation?

Answer 33

Q = VO2/ (CaO2 – CvO2)

Question 34

What is a Swan-Ganz catheter?

Answer 34

A balloon catheter that can find wedge pressure, can sample venous blood

Question 35

When is the ventricle largest? When is it smallest?

Answer 35

EDV; ESV

Question 36

When is the atrium largest? When is it smallest?

Answer 36

ESV; EDV

Question 37

How is distribution of cardiac output per organ determined?

Answer 37

It is dependent on metabolic needs, which can change by condition. It is regulated by the ANS

Question 38

What are the two circulations received by the lungs?

Answer 38

Pulmonary (right) and bronchial (left)

Question 39

Describe the basic functioning of the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Answer 39

They receive a systolic bolus and recoil upon valves closing to propel the blood. This allows continuous flow to the tissues

Question 40

What is compliance in terms of arteries?

Answer 40

Energy of pulse is stored and released into the system to allow for continuous flow. If vessels were noncompliant, flow would be intermittent

Question 41

How do we calculate mean arterial pressure?

Answer 41

MAP = (SBP + (2DBP))/3

Question 42

What is considered the 'driving pressure'?

Answer 42

MAP

Question 43

How do we calculate flow in vessels?

Answer 43

F(Q) = (change in pressure)/(radius)

Question 44

How do we calculate total peripheral resistance?

Answer 44

SVR = (MAP-RAP)/CO x 80

Question 45

How do we calculate pulmonary vascular resistance?

Answer 45

PVR = (PApressure-LAP)/CO x 80

Question 46

What is Poiseuille’s law?

Answer 46

R = 8nL/(πr^4) where n is blood viscosity, L is length of the vessel, and r is the radius of the vessel