SG #2: Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Learning, storage, retrieval. (p. 349)

Question 2

Information Processing Model

Answer 2

Sensory register ->

Working/Short-Term -> Long Term

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

Processing info into memory

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

The retention of encoded information over time. (p. 351)

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 6

Semantic encoding

Answer 6

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Question 7

Visual encoding

Answer 7

The encoding of picture images. (p. 356)

Question 8

Acoustic encoding

Answer 8

The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. (p. 356)

Question 9

Automated processing

Answer 9

Unconscious encoding of incidental and of well-learned information. (p. 353)

Question 10

Effortful processing

Answer 10

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. (p. 354)

Question 11

Episodic memory

Answer 11

The memory of autobiographical events (“contextual knowledge”) that an be explicitly stated.

Question 12

Semantic memory

Answer 12

“words” learned

Question 13

Procedural memory

Answer 13

“skills” learned (e.g., playing piano)

Question 14

Explicit memory

Answer 14

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory.) (p. 367)

Question 15

Implicit memory

Answer 15

Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.) (p. 367)

Question 16

Memory: Levels of Processing Model

Answer 16

The way info is coded affects how well it’s remembered. Deeper level of processing = easier to recall info.

Shallow processing (structural or phonemic)
Deep processing (Semantic coding)

Question 17

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 17

Repetition to help hold things in short-term memory.

Question 18

Elaborate rehearsal

Answer 18

A more meaningful analysis (e.g., images, thinking associations, etc.) of info; leads to better recall.

Question 19

Sensory memory

Answer 19

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory formation in the memory system. (p. 351)

Question 20

Short-term memory

Answer 20

Advanced memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. (p. 351)

Question 21

Long-term memory

Answer 21

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. (p. 351)

Question 22

Middle term memory

Answer 22

Working memory; between short- and long-term memory.

Question 23

Iconic memory

Answer 23

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tents of a second. (p. 362)

Question 24

Echoic memory

Answer 24

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. (p. 362)

Question 25

Eidetic memory

Answer 25

"remembering" everything (e.g., book, page, #, word)

Question 26

Working memory

Answer 26

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial Information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. (p. 352)

Question 27

Rehearsal

Answer 27

The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. (p. 354)

Question 28

Herman Ebbinghaus

Answer 28

Forgetting curve, learning curve, serial position effect, savings

Question 29

Method of savings

Answer 29

The amount of info retained in subconscious even after info can't r fully accessed; relearn later once completely forgotten, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO LEARNING CURVES.

Question 30

Forgetting curve

Answer 30

Describes exponential loss of info one learns; sharpest loss after 20 min., significant loss throughout first hour, levels off after about a day.

Question 31

Serial position effect

Answer 31

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list. (p. 356)

Question 32

Primacy effect

Answer 32

Tendency for the first items presented in a series to be remembered better/more easily, or to be more influential than later items.

Question 33

Recency effect

Answer 33

Tendency for the last items presented in a series to be remembered better/more easily, or to be more influential than previous items.

Question 34

Rosy retrospection

Answer 34

When subjects rate past events positively then they had actually rated them when the event occurred.

Question 35

Brain structures in memory

Answer 35

``` Cerebral cortex Frontal lobes Hippocampus Amygdala Basal ganglia Cerebellum ```

Question 36

Amygdala

Answer 36

Two lima-bean sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. (p. 72)

Question 37

Hippocampus

Answer 37

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage (p. 368)

Question 38

Cerebellum

Answer 38

The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. (p. 72)

Question 39

Forgetting

Answer 39

The loss or failure of memory.

Question 40

Decay Theory

Answer 40

Memory fades due to mere passage of time.

Question 41

Amnesia

Answer 41

"fugue state"; blocking memories, usually from a traumatic event.

Question 42

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 42

Inability to learn new info after events causing amnesia, whether partially or completely.

Question 43

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 43

Memories created prior to the event causing amnesia are lost.

Question 44

Repression

Answer 44

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. (p. 381, 600)

Question 45

Motivate forgetting

Answer 45

A psychological defense mechanism which people forget unwanted memories consciously or unconsciously "repression or suppression"

Question 46

Interference (in memory)

Answer 46

Interference occurs in learning where there's an interaction between new material and negative transfer effects of past behaviors/memories/thoughts.

Question 47

Proactive interference (negative transfer)

Answer 47

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. (p. 379)

Question 48

Retroactive interference

Answer 48

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Question 49

Positive transfer

Answer 49

Rapid learning in a new situation because new stimuli/responses required are similar to those learned in a earlier situation.

Question 50

Retrieval of memories

Answer 50

The process of getting information out of memory storage. (p. 351)

Question 51

Recall (total)

Answer 51

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Question 52

Priming

Answer 52

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. (p. 200, 372)

Question 53

State-dependent learning

Answer 53

Learning/recalling are based on physiological/mental state of the organism.

Question 54

Déjà-vu

Answer 54

That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may consciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. (p. 373)

Question 55

Eyewitness testimony

Answer 55

Affected by many psychological factors: - Anxiety/stress - Reconstructive memory - Weapon focus - Leading questions

Question 56

Flashbulb memory

Answer 56

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. (p. 351)

Question 57

Source amnesia

Answer 57

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. (p. 384)

Question 58

Leading the witness

Answer 58

Memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and info acquired after event can merge with original memory; causes inaccurate recall/reconstructive memory.

Question 59

Misinformation effect

Answer 59

Incorporating misleading info onto one's memory of an event. (p. 383)

Question 60

Memory shortcuts

Answer 60

Encoding aids... Priming, chunking, grouping, acronyms, association, method of Loci, pegword, hierarchy

Question 61

Mnemonic devices

Answer 61

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. (p. 358)

Question 62

Method of Loci

Answer 62

Visualizing a space (e.g., a room with a filing cabinet with info).

Question 63

Chunking

Answer 63

Grouping like words or numbers.

Question 64

Hierarchies

Answer 64

Order (e.g., grandma, grandpa, mom, dad, sister, brother).

Question 65

Overlearning

Answer 65

A technique used to improve memory where info is learned to the point where it can be repeated without mistake more than one time.

Question 66

Visual imagery

Answer 66

A part of memory persevering some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience.

Question 67

Rhymes

Answer 67

Correspondence of sound between words or at the endings of words.

Question 68

Acronyms

Answer 68

Words with each letter representing a word. (e.g., VAPA = Visual And Performing Arts.)

Question 69

Organization

Answer 69

The structure/arrangement of related/connected items.

Question 70

George Sperling

Answer 70

"iconic memory"

Question 71

Atkinson-Shiffrin Three Stage Model

Answer 71

1. Sensory Memory 2. Short-term Memory 3. Long-term Memory

Question 72

Pegword

Answer 72

Linking a word to something else (e.g., "one is a bun").

Question 73

Mood-Congruence

Answer 73

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. (p. 374)

Question 74

Confabulation

Answer 74

A memory disturbance that is characteristic by verbal statements/actions that inaccurately describe history, background, and present situations.