SG 8: Chap 11 Blood

Question 1

Be able to list and explain blood’s 3 functions:

Answer 1

transports: vital materials to the cell, and exports waste produced by cells.
Defense: wbcs and clotting prevents blood loss.
Regulation: of acid-base balance of body fluids & body temp

Question 2

Be able to list and describe the main elements that composed blood.

Answer 2

the blood is composed of plasma and formed elements which contains wbcs, rbcs and platelets

Question 3

What kind of tissue is blood?

Answer 3

connective tissue because it contains cellular elements suspended in a matrix

Question 4

Be able to list the components of plasma

Answer 4

the liquid matrix substance is called the plasma, makes up 55% of blood, serves as a medium in which materials are transported by the blood. almost every substance that is transported by blood is dissolved in the plasma.

Question 5

describe the function of the three main kinds of

plasma proteins

Answer 5

7-8% of plasma. help balance water flow between the blood and the cell.
Albumins: main for water balaning
Globulins: transport lipids including fats and some cholesterol & fat-soluble vitamins. other globulins are antibodies which provide protection against many diseases.
Clotting proteins: fibrinogen

Question 6

What are the scientific names for red blood cells (RBC)

Answer 6

erythrocytes

Question 7

What are the scientific names for white blood cells (WBC)

Answer 7

leukocytes

Question 8

What are the scientific names for platelets

Answer 8

thrombocytes

Question 9

Where are wbc,rbc and patelets cells formed?

Answer 9

red bone marrow within the bones

Question 10

How many RBC are present per mm3? Under which circumstances would this number increase?

Answer 10

4-6 mill per mm3

Question 11

What is the main function of the RBC?

Answer 11

transport oxygen from lungs to all the cells in the body, and carry 23% of carbon dioxide

Question 12

Be able to describe the morphology of a RBC. How do these features allow RBC to carry their
function?

Answer 12

metamorphosis: small disk that is indented on both sides. the design maximizes the surface area for gas exchange. erythrocytes are flexible and are able to squeeze through capillaries( vessels where gas exchange occurs)

Question 13

Be able to describe the basic structure of the hemoglobin molecule.

Answer 13

hemoglobin is the oxygen binding pigment that is responsible for the color. as rbc mature in the red bone marrow It loses its nucleus and most organelles.

Question 14

How does hemoglobin combine with O2, 
with CO (carbon monoxide) and with CO2 (carbon dioxide)?

Answer 14

carbon monoxide binds 200 times more readily to hemoglobin molecules causing it to be deadly since if present in can bind to the oxygen binding sites, blocking oxygen from binding to hemoglobin resulting the cells to carry life-giving oxygen to the cells. some carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin as well.

Question 15

What is hemolysis?

-

Answer 15

the rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

Question 16

What is bilirubin?

Answer 16

an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile.

Question 17

What organs perform hemolytic function?

Answer 17

the liver and spleen are the graveyards where worn-out erythrocytes are removed from circulation

Answer 18

Jaundice is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells. causes: liver problems, hepatitis, drugs, alcohol

Question 19

Be able to explain how erythropoietin allows the body to maintain a constant number of RBC.

Answer 19

erythropoietin is a hormone that once triggered by lack or oxygen supply to the body’s cells, it travels to the red bone marrow where it signals it to step up both the division rate of stem cells and the maturation of rbcs

Question 20

Which organ produces erythropoietin?

Answer 20

kidneys

Question 21

Be able to explain “blood doping”

Answer 21

the injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event in an attempt to enhance athletic performance.

Question 22

explain the causes and symptoms of anemia

Answer 22

anemia is a condition in which the blood’s ability to carry oxygen is reduced. can result from too little hemoglobin ro/and too few erythrocytes. Symptoms: fatigue, headaches, dizziness, paleness and breathlessness.
Cause: insufficient iron which leads to inadequate hemoglobin production

Question 23

explain the causes and symptoms of sickle cell

anemia

Answer 23

is an example of hemolytic anemia caused by hemoglobin abnormality. This causes the erythrocytes to become deformed to a crescent shape. these misshapen cells are fragile and rupture easily promoting , clotting small blood vessels and promoting clot formation. these events prevent oxygen to reach tissue and cause extreme pain

Question 24

explain the causes and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis

Answer 24

it is a viral disease of the lymphocytes it is caused by Epstein-barr virus. the infection causes an increase in lymphocytes that have an atypical appearance. Symptoms: fever, chills sore throat, and overwhelming sense of being ill, swollen lymph nodes that become painfully swollen. no treatment, just has to run its course

Question 25

explain the causes and symptoms of leukemia

Answer 25

leukemia is a cancer to white blood cells that causes the uncontrolled multiplication. these cancerous cells are all descendants of one abnormal cell, they remain immature therefore are unable to defend the body against infectious organisms. these cells take over the occupation in the red bone marrow, preventing the development of all normal cells. Symptoms: easily bruising, problems with insufficient rbcs, normal wbs, and platelets. gum bleeding, anemia, bone tenderness,

Question 26

explain the causes and symptoms of hemophilia

Answer 26

is an inherited condition in which the affected person bleeds excessively. usually occurs in males, and leads to easily bruising, cuts don't heal at normal speed, can damage nerves and even leave someone crippled.

Question 27

Be able to list and explain the major functions of WBC

Answer 27

they remove wastes, toxins and damaged or abnormal cells and protect by fighting against diseases. they have nucleuses. leukocytes circulate the bloodstream but are not confined there. they are capable of moving to sites of infection, tissue damage, and inflammation

Question 28

What is phagocytosis

Answer 28

it is process where a type of leukocytes engulfs the offender.

Question 29

What is the function of antibodies?

Answer 29

antibodies are proteins that recognize specific molecules called antigens on the surface of invading microbes or other foreign cells.

Question 30

What is a lymphocyte?

Answer 30

is a wbc. they are classified into two types: lymphocyte B and T. B gives rise to plama cells, where anti bodies are created. T cells are specialized cells that play roles in bodys defense mechanism.

Question 31

What is pus?

Answer 31

dead cells, bacteria, and cellular debris

Question 32

what is a platelet plug

Answer 32

a platelet plug is formed when platelets cling to cables of collagen, a protein fiber on the torn blood vessel surface. when they attach to collagen, they swell, form many cellular extensions and stick together. platelets also produce a chem that attracts other platelets to the wound and make them stick together even more.

Question 33

what is a clot

Answer 33

a clot is a barrier that prevents additional blood loss trough the wound in the vessel. fibrin is a protein that makes a web that traps blood cells and forms the clot.

Question 34

What is meant by “clotting cascade”?

Answer 34

a

Question 35

- Be able to explain the last step in the cascade and be able to spell the proteins that participate in them.

Answer 35

thrombin is a plasma protein produced in the liver as a active form then thrombin causes a remarkable change in another plasma protein produced in the liver fibrinogen. the altered form of fibrinogen is fibrin that forms the long strands needed to web trap blood cells anf form clots

Question 36

Besides clotting factors, what other substances are required for proper coagulation?

Answer 36

vitamin k we consume and produced by bacteria living in our intestines

Question 37

Be able to explain what a thrombus is, how it is formed and how it is different from and embolus

Answer 37

a thrombus is a blood clot lodged in an unbroken blood vessel. a embolus is a blood clot that drifts through the circulatory system, these traveling blood clots can get stuck in a small vessel causing possible heart attacks or strokes.