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SG4 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA condenses from 2m long to?

A

5 that ridiculously tiny one

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2
Q

the folder fiber model is

A

100 angstroms

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3
Q

folder fiber model has a core of

A

8 histone molecules

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4
Q

DNA nucleosome is about

A

150 base pairs

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5
Q

DNA wraps around 8 proteins called _______ forming a structure called a ______

A

histones, nucleosome

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6
Q

histones are _____ charged

A

positively

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7
Q

DNA is _____ charged

A

negatively

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8
Q

highly conserved means

A

a similar structure is found in a species

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9
Q

nucleosomes reduce the size of DNA to

A

about 1/7 its original length

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10
Q

How many base pairs per nucleosome?

A

200

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11
Q

How many base pairs around histones?

A

150

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12
Q

Base pairs in linked DNA?

A

50

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13
Q

What does linker DNA do?

A

links 2 nucleosomes

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14
Q

Solenoid?

A

helical winding of 5+ nucleosomes the form a structure

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15
Q

Holds structure of solenoids in place?

A

H1 histones

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16
Q

HOw big is a solenoid

A

300 angstroms in diameter

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17
Q

How do solenoids work?

A

begin to coil around each other and eventually form the fully condensed DNA structure (metaphase chromasome)

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18
Q

Chromatid is how long?

A

10 coils

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19
Q

Coil is ?

A

30 rosettes

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20
Q

rosette is ?

A

6 loops

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21
Q

loop is ?

A

75 kbp

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22
Q

final stages of condensation occur at?

A

G2 phase of interphase

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23
Q

The protein ____ allows attachment of material to form a chromasome

A

lamin

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24
Q

Lamin helps form the

A

nuclear scaffold

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25
nuclear scaffold begins to form at
end of G2 phase
26
nuclear scaffold completed during
prophase
27
chromosome banding?
technique allows us to stain certain areas of chromosomes to make them more visible
28
banding properties depend on?
1) Number of nucleotides 2) shape of chromosome 3) type of nucleotides 4) degree of densely coiled DNA
29
Euchromatin is ?
coding DNA (active genes), lighter stained areas
30
Heterochromatin is ?
non-coding DNA, darkly stained areas
31
Euchromatin is tightly coiled only during
prophase and metaphase
32
Euchromatin contains?
less dense areas of DNA
33
Heterochromatin contains?
dense areas of tightly coiled DNA
34
Heterochromatin is tightly coiled during
the entire cell cycle
35
2 types of heterochromatin?
constitutive heterochromatin, facultative heterochromatin
36
Constitutive heterochromatin relates to?
small portions of chromosomes
37
Constitutive heterochromatin is?
no coding regions always tightly coiled around centromeres and telomeres
38
Constitutive heterochromatin contains?
highly repetitive and moderately repetitive DNA sequences
39
Facultative heterochromatin relates to?
large portions or entire chromosomes; ex barr bodies
40
TATA box?
highly conserved region serves as bonding site for RNA Polymerase (start site)
41
promoter region?
on/off switch
42
CCAAT box?
DNA binding proteins attach here. control rate and amount of copies
43
Enhancer region?
DNA sequence where proteins bind and coordinate gene activity
44
Solitary gene organization?
only two copies of gene in diploid organisms. bulk of eichromatin
45
Duplicated gene organization?
similar genes code for similar proteins but have different functions. result of unequal crossover
46
Multigene family gene organization?
identical or closely related but used for different stages of life
47
pseudogenes?
non-functional due to substitution/deletion
48
repeated genes?
small genes that have multiple copies at different sites
49
direction of transcription?
5' to 3' on mRNA
50
initiation of transcription?
RNA polymerase recognizes tata box and binds directly after it
51
Elongation of transcription?
RNA polymerase continues to move along DNA template and elongate the mRNA sequence
52
Termination of transcription?
RNA polymerase reaches GC rich area and transcription is terminated
53
messenger RNA?
template for translation - carries complimentary code to nuclear DNA
54
transfer RNA?
carries the amino acids to the site of translation in order to make the protein
55
ribosomal RNA?
combines with other proteins to form subunits where translation takes place
56
guanine cap?
added to 5' end of RNA and Poly A tail to 3' end to protect from degredation in the cytoplasm; ribosomal recognition site
57
Introns are removed from the DNA sequence by ?
RNA splicing
58
autocatalytic splicing?
able to splice itself
59
spliceosome?
special proteins combine with defferent type of RNA to for SNURPS, which excise introns
60
translation?
process of using the information on the mRNA to make polypeptides
61
mRNA is read from ?
5' to 3'
62
mRNA copies DNA from ?
3' to 5'
63
stop codons?
UGA, UAA, UAG
64
three main players in translation?
ribosome (construction site), transfer RNA (carries amino acids to site), messenger RNA (contains code for proteins)
65
Steps in translation?
tRNA charging, initiation, elongation, termination
66
aminoacyl synthetase?
enzyme causes amino acid to attach to tRNA
67
anticodon?
complimentary to codon.
68
peptidyl transferase?
catalyzes formation of peptide bonds and breaks aminoacyl bonds

Genetics (9 decks)

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