Shaping Places Flashcards
(45 cards)
What is a place?
Geographical spaces shaped by individuals and communities over time
What are the four sectors of economic activity?
- Primary: Extracting natural resources out of the earth
- Secondary: Manufacturing goods
- Tertiary: Providing services
- Quaternary: Knowledge and expertise
What factors contribute to differences in economic activity?
- Level of development
- Access to education
- Investment and infrastructure
- Availability of resources
How are social factors reflected in a community?
- Life expectancy
- Literacy rate
What are functional changes in places?
- Administrative
- Commercial
- Retail
- Industrial
What demographic change occurred in England and Wales from 2001 to 2011?
White British population decreased from 91.3% to 86%
What causes places to change their function?
Shifts in economic activity and government policy
What are the causes of changing demographics?
- Migration
- Natural increase
- Urban regeneration
How are demographic changes measured?
- Census data
- Employment trends
- Levels of deprivation
What are quinary activities?
Activities that focus on the creation, rearrangement, and interpretation of new and existing ideas
Define social deprivation.
Where a person’s quality of life falls below a level regarded as the acceptable minimum by the government
What are the seven domains of deprivation?
- Income: 22.5%
- Employment: 22.5%
- Education: 13.5%
- Health: 13.5%
- Crime: 9.3%
- Barriers to housing and services: 9.3%
- Living environment: 9.3%
What factors contributed to London’s success?
- WW2 created a blank canvas
- Broadband internet connections
- Infrastructure providing access to roads
What is gentrification?
The movement of middle-class people into rundown inner urban areas, improving housing stock and image of the area
What is studentification?
Social, economic, and environmental change caused by the concentration of students in areas close to universities
What are characteristics of less successful regions?
- High levels of unemployment
- Out-migration
- Poverty and deprivation
- Derelict buildings
- Graffiti
- Crime
Define the Rust Belt.
Areas characterized by the loss of core employment and large-scale deindustrialization, often with derelict buildings and land
What is the spiral of decline ?
Deindustrialization leads to unemployment, deterring new investors and resulting in linked industry to close causing a lack of spending in local economy , leaving the poorest sector behind,derelict buildings,regeneration needed
What are sink estates?
Housing estates characterized by high levels of economic and social deprivation, crime, violence, and drugs
What are gated communities?
Individual houses or groups with high levels of security designed to deter crime
Voter turnout from 1951-2019
decreased from1951-82% to 2019-67%
What are reasons for conflict in local communities?
- Lack of political engagement and representation
- Ethnic tensions
- Inequality
- Lack of economic opportunity
What is NIMBYISM?
Not In My Back Yard; locals contesting development projects that they want but do not want to be affected by
What is the Northern Powerhouse?
A high-speed rail link from the north to London generating debate in the areas it runs through
