Short Answer Texts

Question 1

Jared Diamond’s Guns,
Germs, and Steel

Answer 1

a. Natural experiment

b. Hypoth:
Is the environment a primary cause in the way humans develop

Independent variables: environmental elements

Dependent variables: people and societies

c. institutions, structures, and practices

Question 2

Gerber and Green’s “The Effects of Canvassing, Direct Mail, and Telephone Contact on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment

Answer 2

a. Experiment

b. Hypoth: “the long-term retrenchment in voter turnout is partly attributable to the decline in face-to-face political
mobilization”

Independent variables: Face-to-face political mobilization

Dependent variables: The long-term retrenchment in voter turnout is declining

c. internet polling

Question 3

Campbell and Ross’s “The Connecticut Crackdown on Speeding: Time-Series Data in Quasi-Experimental Analysis”

Answer 3

a. Quasi-experiment

b. Hypoth: “More complete explications of quasi-experimental analysis have appeared elsewhere; this paper will merely illustrate its use in a situation where a series of observations has been recorded for periods of time both prior
and subsequent to the experience of the specific event to be studied”

Independent variables: excessive speeding

Dependent variables: controlling speeding would lead to less deaths

c. : “the administrative reform which
is meant to produce a social change very frequently is accompanied by a coincident reform of the record keeping, ruling out valid inferences as
to effects”