Short Answers

Question 1

______ reasoning is where a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true rather than definitely true, as can be the case for the conclusions from _____ reasoning

Answer 1

Inductive; Deductive

Question 2

A conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence is called ____ reasoning

Answer 2

Inductive

Question 3

Inductive reasoning is one of the primary mechanisms involved in making ______

Answer 3

Judgements

Question 4

_____ ______ is one of the primary mechanisms involved in making judgements

Answer 4

Inductive reasoning

Question 5

One of the characteristics of _____ reasoning is that the conclusions we reach are probably true, but not definitely true

Answer 5

Inductive

Question 6

_____ reasoning is the basis of scientific investigations in which observations are made, data is collected, and conclusions are drawn

Answer 6

Inductive

Question 7

All swans we have seen have been white; therefore all swans are white. This is an example of _____ reasoning

Answer 7

Inductive (you are making a claim from your observations)

Question 8

Since all men are mortal, and Socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal. This is an example of _____ reasoning

Answer 8

deductive

Question 9

Representativeness of Observations, Number of observations, and quality of the evidence are three factors that can contribute to the stregnth of an ______ argument

Answer 9

inductive

Question 10

Anytime we make a prediction about what will happen based on our observations of what has happened we are using _____ reasoning

Answer 10

Inductive

Question 11

An example of _____ reasoning is sitting on a swing without checking if it can hold your weight, because by inferring past observations and experiences with swings, you infer this one will also hold your weight

Answer 11

Inductive

Question 12

The Availability heuristic and the ______ heuristic are shortcuts involved in _____ reasoning

Answer 12

Representativeness; inductive

Question 13

In ____ reasoning we determine whether a conclusion logically follows from statements called premises

Answer 13

Deductive

Question 14

What type of reasoning are syllogisms and premises associated with?

Answer 14

Deductive

Question 15

Who was the father of deductive reasoning?

Answer 15

Aristotle

Question 16

The basic form of deductive reasoning is called ____

Answer 16

Syllogisms

Question 17

Validity and Truth are associated with ____ reasoning

Answer 17

Deductive

Question 18

What type of reasoning can result in definite conclusions?

Answer 18

Deductive

Question 19

What is a garden path sentence?

Answer 19

A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of a sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence

Question 20

A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of a sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence
This is called a ___ ___ sentence

Answer 20

Garden Path

Question 21

_____ reasoning involves making conclusions from premises that are accurate, whereas _____ reasoning involves making conclusions suggested by premises.

Answer 21

Deductive; Inductive

Question 22

Temporary ambiguity is illustrated by ___ ___ sentences

Answer 22

Garden Path Sentences

Question 23

The garden path sentence is associated with the ____-first approach to parsing

Answer 23

Syntax-first approach to parsing

Question 24

We see garden path errors when we follow the ___-first approach to parsing

Answer 24

Syntax

Question 25

What approach tends to lead us up the garden path?

Answer 25

Syntax-first approach to understanding sentences

Question 26

When initial words are ambiguous, but the meaning is made clear by the end of a sentence

Answer 26

Temporary ambiguity

Question 27

The old man the boat. is an example of a ____ ____ sentence

Answer 27

Garden Path

Question 28

The grouping of words into phrases is called ____

Answer 28

Parsing

Question 29

How do you resolve a garden path sentence

Answer 29

By rearraging the sentence in their mind, until it is syntactically and semantically correct to them

Question 30

____ proposed that thought was impossible without an image

Answer 30

Aristotle

Question 31

What is the imageless thought debate?

Answer 31

A debate about whether or not thought and thinking can occur with or without images

Question 32

____ proposed that images were one of the three basic elements of consciousness

Answer 32

Wundt

Question 33

What Wundt and Aristotle were for the notion that thought was impossible without images, ____ thought the opposite

Answer 33

Galton

Question 34

_____ argument against that of Wundt was formed from his observations that people who had great difficulty forming visual images were still quite capable of thinking

Answer 34

Galton

Question 35

What observations led Galton to believe that thought was possible without images

Answer 35

his observations that people who had great difficulty forming visual images were still quite capable of thinking

Question 36

What were two experiments that encouraged the idea of imagery in thought?

Answer 36

The conceptual peg hypothesis and Mental Chronometry

Question 37

The conceptual ___ hypothesis and Mental ____ both conclude that images are involved in thought

Answer 37

Peg; Chronometry

Question 38

What did Metzler's and Shepard's Mental Chronometry suggest?

Answer 38

That imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

Question 39

Shepard and Metzler's results showed that Mental and perceptual images both involve ____ representation of a stimulus

Answer 39

Spatial

Question 40

The ____ experience for both imagery and perception matches the layout of the actual stimulus

Answer 40

Spatial

Question 41

The idea that there is a spatial correspondence between imagery and perception is supported by a number of experiments by Stephen Kosslyn involving a task called ____ scanning

Answer 41

Mental

Question 42

Pylyshyn argued that imagery is not spatial and that it could be an _____

Answer 42

epiphenomenon

Question 43

Kosslyn used the experiment of a visual walk task to infer that a reason that imagery and perception might be related is the ___ in the visual field

Answer 43

Size

Question 44

Perky's study with a projector proposes that ___ and perception ARE related

Answer 44

imagery

Question 45

Farah suggested that to further understand if there are shared mechanisms between perception and imagery, then the way the ____ responds to visual imagery should be investigated

Answer 45

brain

Question 46

Are there dissociations between imagery and perception?

Answer 46

Yes

Question 47

Neuropsychological results show that there are some ____ between imagery and perception

Answer 47

Dissociations

Question 48

What is an example of the lexical decision task?

Answer 48

up to you?????????

Question 49

Is there an impact of Priming on lexical decision tasks

Answer 49

YES

Question 50

In the lexical decision task, words that were closer related had more spreading ____ and were easily _____

Answer 50

Activation; Primed

Question 51

Kosslyn concluded that ____ representation is a shared mechanism between imagery and perception

Answer 51

Spatial

Question 52

The task used in imagery experiments in which participants are asked to form a mental image of an object and to imagine that they are walking towards this mental image

Answer 52

Mental Walk Task?

Question 53

What is a mental walk task used for?

Answer 53

The study of spatial representation

Question 54

Participants in the ___ ___ task were asked to estimate how far away they were from an animal when they began to experience 'overflow' - or when the image filled the visual field or when its edges started becoming fuzzy

Answer 54

Mental walk task

Question 55

The mental walk task was used in experiments to explain a mental images size in a visual _____

Answer 55

Field

Question 56

The link between what two processes was strengthened by the mental walk task and visual field results?

Answer 56

Images are spatial, like perception

Question 57

What is the main difference between the prototype and exemplar approach to categorisation

Answer 57

A prototype is the "average" of members of a group, while an exemplar is an actual member of the category

Question 58

What types of groups would you use the prototype approach to categorisation?

Answer 58

Cheese, Balls, plates

Question 59

What types of groups would you use the exemplar approach to categorisation?

Answer 59

Sports,

Question 60

Perception and attention, Misidentifications due to Familiarity, Suggestion, and increased confidence after post event feedback are all errors in _____ testimonies

Answer 60

Eyewitness

Question 61

Name some of the errors in eyewitness testimonies

Answer 61

.....

Question 62

The phenoninon of 'weapons focus' is associated with which type of eyewitness testimony error?

Answer 62

Perception and attention

Question 63

Level of arousal can affect the accuracy of attention and memory which could be an error in ______ testimonies

Answer 63

Eyewitness

Question 64

Is familiarity a error in eyewitness testimonies?

Answer 64

Yes

Question 65

Is suggestion an error in eyewitness testimonies?

Answer 65

yes

Question 66

Is confidence after feedback from a lineup a error in eyewitness testamonies?

Answer 66

yes

Question 67

Informing witnesses that the perpetrator might not be in the lineup, using "fillers" in the lineup similar to suspect, Using sequential presentation of suspects, improving interview techniques, and cognitive interviews are all ways to improve the accuracy of _____ testimony

Answer 67

eyewitness

Question 68

Informing witnesses that the _____ might not be in the lineup, using "fillers" in the lineup similar to suspect, Using sequential presentation of suspects, improving interview techniques, and _____ interviews are all ways to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Answer 68

perpetrator; cognitive

Question 69

Informing witnesses that the perpetrator might not be in the lineup, using "fillers" in the lineup similar to suspect, Using _____ presentation of suspects, improving ____techniques (blind interviewers), and cognitive interviews are all ways to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Answer 69

sequential; interview

Question 70

What are the two types of lifespan memory?

Answer 70

Autobiographical and Prospective

Question 71

Is autobiographical memory more episodic or semantic

Answer 71

episodic

Question 72

What two types of perspectives we can view past autobiographical memories as?

Answer 72

Field and observer perspective

Question 73

Prospective memory can be ___-based or ____-based

Answer 73

Event, Time

Question 74

Personal milestones, Transitional points, and highly emotional states are memories that we tend to remember better over the _____

Answer 74

Lifespan

Question 75

What three types of memories do we remember better than some others over the lifespan?

Answer 75

Personal milestones, Transitional Points, and Highly emotional states

Question 76

The ____ bump is the reason for better memory over the lifespan of memories formed from adolescences or young adulthood

Answer 76

Reminiscence bump

Question 77

The self-image hypothesis, the cultural life script hypothesis and the cognitive hypothesis are three suggestions for the phenomena of the _____ ___

Answer 77

Reminiscence bump

Question 78

Experts possess more knowledge about their fields, Experts knowledge is organised differently than novices, and experts spend more time analysing problems are three suggestions that experts are better at problem solving in a field compared to ____

Answer 78

Novices;amatuers

Question 79

What are the three reasons experts might be better than novices in their field?

Answer 79

Experts possess more knowledge about their fields, Experts knowledge is organised differently than novices, and experts spend more time analysing problems

Question 80

What is the one disadvantage of being an expert in a filed compared to a novice?

Answer 80

Their expertise could make them less open to new ways of looking at problems

Question 81

True or false: experts are only experts in their field and perform like anyone else outside of their field

Answer 81

true

Question 82

While Imagery is ___ and ____, perception is ____ and ____

Answer 82

fragile;effortful;stable;automatic

Question 83

What is spreading activation? how is it related to priming?

Answer 83

Hierarchical model: activation activates related nodes, so they are more susceptible to be primed

Question 84

The semantic network model cannot explain the ___ ___

Answer 84

typicallity effect