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Cognitive Psychology > Short Answers > Flashcards

Short Answers Flashcards

1
Q

______ reasoning is where a conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence. This conclusion is stated as being probably true rather than definitely true, as can be the case for the conclusions from _____ reasoning

A

Inductive; Deductive

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2
Q

A conclusion follows from a consideration of evidence is called ____ reasoning

A

Inductive

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3
Q

Inductive reasoning is one of the primary mechanisms involved in making ______

A

Judgements

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4
Q

_____ ______ is one of the primary mechanisms involved in making judgements

A

Inductive reasoning

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5
Q

One of the characteristics of _____ reasoning is that the conclusions we reach are probably true, but not definitely true

A

Inductive

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6
Q

_____ reasoning is the basis of scientific investigations in which observations are made, data is collected, and conclusions are drawn

A

Inductive

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7
Q

All swans we have seen have been white; therefore all swans are white. This is an example of _____ reasoning

A

Inductive (you are making a claim from your observations)

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8
Q

Since all men are mortal, and Socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal. This is an example of _____ reasoning

A

deductive

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9
Q

Representativeness of Observations, Number of observations, and quality of the evidence are three factors that can contribute to the stregnth of an ______ argument

A

inductive

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10
Q

Anytime we make a prediction about what will happen based on our observations of what has happened we are using _____ reasoning

A

Inductive

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11
Q

An example of _____ reasoning is sitting on a swing without checking if it can hold your weight, because by inferring past observations and experiences with swings, you infer this one will also hold your weight

A

Inductive

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12
Q

The Availability heuristic and the ______ heuristic are shortcuts involved in _____ reasoning

A

Representativeness; inductive

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13
Q

In ____ reasoning we determine whether a conclusion logically follows from statements called premises

A

Deductive

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14
Q

What type of reasoning are syllogisms and premises associated with?

A

Deductive

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15
Q

Who was the father of deductive reasoning?

A

Aristotle

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16
Q

The basic form of deductive reasoning is called ____

A

Syllogisms

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17
Q

Validity and Truth are associated with ____ reasoning

A

Deductive

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18
Q

What type of reasoning can result in definite conclusions?

A

Deductive

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19
Q

What is a garden path sentence?

A

A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of a sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence

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20
Q

A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of a sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence
This is called a ___ ___ sentence

A

Garden Path

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21
Q

_____ reasoning involves making conclusions from premises that are accurate, whereas _____ reasoning involves making conclusions suggested by premises.

A

Deductive; Inductive

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22
Q

Temporary ambiguity is illustrated by ___ ___ sentences

A

Garden Path Sentences

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23
Q

The garden path sentence is associated with the ____-first approach to parsing

A

Syntax-first approach to parsing

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24
Q

We see garden path errors when we follow the ___-first approach to parsing

A

Syntax

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25
Q

What approach tends to lead us up the garden path?

A

Syntax-first approach to understanding sentences

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26
Q

When initial words are ambiguous, but the meaning is made clear by the end of a sentence

A

Temporary ambiguity

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27
Q

The old man the boat. is an example of a ____ ____ sentence

A

Garden Path

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28
Q

The grouping of words into phrases is called ____

A

Parsing

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29
Q

How do you resolve a garden path sentence

A

By rearraging the sentence in their mind, until it is syntactically and semantically correct to them

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30
Q

____ proposed that thought was impossible without an image

A

Aristotle

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31
Q

What is the imageless thought debate?

A

A debate about whether or not thought and thinking can occur with or without images

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32
Q

____ proposed that images were one of the three basic elements of consciousness

A

Wundt

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33
Q

What Wundt and Aristotle were for the notion that thought was impossible without images, ____ thought the opposite

A

Galton

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34
Q

_____ argument against that of Wundt was formed from his observations that people who had great difficulty forming visual images were still quite capable of thinking

A

Galton

35
Q

What observations led Galton to believe that thought was possible without images

A

his observations that people who had great difficulty forming visual images were still quite capable of thinking

36
Q

What were two experiments that encouraged the idea of imagery in thought?

A

The conceptual peg hypothesis and Mental Chronometry

37
Q

The conceptual ___ hypothesis and Mental ____ both conclude that images are involved in thought

A

Peg; Chronometry

38
Q

What did Metzler’s and Shepard’s Mental Chronometry suggest?

A

That imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

39
Q

Shepard and Metzler’s results showed that Mental and perceptual images both involve ____ representation of a stimulus

A

Spatial

40
Q

The ____ experience for both imagery and perception matches the layout of the actual stimulus

A

Spatial

41
Q

The idea that there is a spatial correspondence between imagery and perception is supported by a number of experiments by Stephen Kosslyn involving a task called ____ scanning

A

Mental

42
Q

Pylyshyn argued that imagery is not spatial and that it could be an _____

A

epiphenomenon

43
Q

Kosslyn used the experiment of a visual walk task to infer that a reason that imagery and perception might be related is the ___ in the visual field

A

Size

44
Q

Perky’s study with a projector proposes that ___ and perception ARE related

A

imagery

45
Q

Farah suggested that to further understand if there are shared mechanisms between perception and imagery, then the way the ____ responds to visual imagery should be investigated

A

brain

46
Q

Are there dissociations between imagery and perception?

A

Yes

47
Q

Neuropsychological results show that there are some ____ between imagery and perception

A

Dissociations

48
Q

What is an example of the lexical decision task?

A

up to you?????????

49
Q

Is there an impact of Priming on lexical decision tasks

A

YES

50
Q

In the lexical decision task, words that were closer related had more spreading ____ and were easily _____

A

Activation; Primed

51
Q

Kosslyn concluded that ____ representation is a shared mechanism between imagery and perception

A

Spatial

52
Q

The task used in imagery experiments in which participants are asked to form a mental image of an object and to imagine that they are walking towards this mental image

A

Mental Walk Task?

53
Q

What is a mental walk task used for?

A

The study of spatial representation

54
Q

Participants in the ___ ___ task were asked to estimate how far away they were from an animal when they began to experience ‘overflow’ - or when the image filled the visual field or when its edges started becoming fuzzy

A

Mental walk task

55
Q

The mental walk task was used in experiments to explain a mental images size in a visual _____

A

Field

56
Q

The link between what two processes was strengthened by the mental walk task and visual field results?

A

Images are spatial, like perception

57
Q

What is the main difference between the prototype and exemplar approach to categorisation

A

A prototype is the “average” of members of a group, while an exemplar is an actual member of the category

58
Q

What types of groups would you use the prototype approach to categorisation?

A

Cheese, Balls, plates

59
Q

What types of groups would you use the exemplar approach to categorisation?

A

Sports,

60
Q

Perception and attention, Misidentifications due to Familiarity, Suggestion, and increased confidence after post event feedback are all errors in _____ testimonies

A

Eyewitness

61
Q

Name some of the errors in eyewitness testimonies

A

…..

62
Q

The phenoninon of ‘weapons focus’ is associated with which type of eyewitness testimony error?

A

Perception and attention

63
Q

Level of arousal can affect the accuracy of attention and memory which could be an error in ______ testimonies

A

Eyewitness

64
Q

Is familiarity a error in eyewitness testimonies?

A

Yes

65
Q

Is suggestion an error in eyewitness testimonies?

A

yes

66
Q

Is confidence after feedback from a lineup a error in eyewitness testamonies?

A

yes

67
Q

Informing witnesses that the perpetrator might not be in the lineup, using “fillers” in the lineup similar to suspect, Using sequential presentation of suspects, improving interview techniques, and cognitive interviews are all ways to improve the accuracy of _____ testimony

A

eyewitness

68
Q

Informing witnesses that the _____ might not be in the lineup, using “fillers” in the lineup similar to suspect, Using sequential presentation of suspects, improving interview techniques, and _____ interviews are all ways to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

A

perpetrator; cognitive

69
Q

Informing witnesses that the perpetrator might not be in the lineup, using “fillers” in the lineup similar to suspect, Using _____ presentation of suspects, improving ____techniques (blind interviewers), and cognitive interviews are all ways to improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

A

sequential; interview

70
Q

What are the two types of lifespan memory?

A

Autobiographical and Prospective

71
Q

Is autobiographical memory more episodic or semantic

A

episodic

72
Q

What two types of perspectives we can view past autobiographical memories as?

A

Field and observer perspective

73
Q

Prospective memory can be ___-based or ____-based

A

Event, Time

74
Q

Personal milestones, Transitional points, and highly emotional states are memories that we tend to remember better over the _____

A

Lifespan

75
Q

What three types of memories do we remember better than some others over the lifespan?

A

Personal milestones, Transitional Points, and Highly emotional states

76
Q

The ____ bump is the reason for better memory over the lifespan of memories formed from adolescences or young adulthood

A

Reminiscence bump

77
Q

The self-image hypothesis, the cultural life script hypothesis and the cognitive hypothesis are three suggestions for the phenomena of the _____ ___

A

Reminiscence bump

78
Q

Experts possess more knowledge about their fields, Experts knowledge is organised differently than novices, and experts spend more time analysing problems are three suggestions that experts are better at problem solving in a field compared to ____

A

Novices;amatuers

79
Q

What are the three reasons experts might be better than novices in their field?

A

Experts possess more knowledge about their fields, Experts knowledge is organised differently than novices, and experts spend more time analysing problems

80
Q

What is the one disadvantage of being an expert in a filed compared to a novice?

A

Their expertise could make them less open to new ways of looking at problems

81
Q

True or false: experts are only experts in their field and perform like anyone else outside of their field

A

true

82
Q

While Imagery is ___ and ____, perception is ____ and ____

A

fragile;effortful;stable;automatic

83
Q

What is spreading activation? how is it related to priming?

A

Hierarchical model: activation activates related nodes, so they are more susceptible to be primed

84
Q

The semantic network model cannot explain the ___ ___

A

typicallity effect

Cognitive Psychology (2 decks)

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