short answers for test three

Question 1

Spinal Shock (9 points)

Answer 1

loss of function below the level of injury

• normal function may or may not return
• flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscle, loss of spinal reflexes, loss of pain, proprioception, bowel and bladder dysfunction and loss of thermoregulation

Question 2

Neurogenic Shock

Answer 2

Failure of the cardiovascular system as a result of damage of the spinal cord

• impairment of descending sympathetic pathways in the spinal cord
• more common in cervical spinal cord injury
• hypotension, bradycardia

Question 3

atherosclerosis progression

Answer 3

lipids migrate to the intimal layer of the blood vessel and settle underneath and becomes digested and oxidized. The oxidized lipids cause inflammation under the tunica intima. Monocytes migrate to the site of inflammation where the lipids are, the monocytes turn into macrophages and try to digest the oxidized lipids. Once they digested the lipids the macrophages turn into foam cells and eat away at smooth muscle causing muscle to proliferate. A cap is formed over the lipid pool, the bigger the cap grows the more unstable it becomes. Plaques occlude or block circulation and prevent blood flow to the tissues. Eventually the collagen caps wear out and crack exposing lipid pool. Platelets migrate to the site to repair it and the clotting cascade begins and sets the stage for a blood clot.

Question 4

Hypovolemic Shock ( 9 points)

Answer 4

Due to loss of intravascular volume (blood loss)
 clinical manifestations
- decrease in U/O
- decrease in pulse pressure
- tachycardia
- tachypnea
- decrease in cognitive status
-decrease in B/P

Question 5

Cardiogenic Shock (15 points)

Answer 5

This issue is the heart has failed as a pump
Decreased cardiac output
Tissue hypoxia
80-100 % mortality rate

clinical manifestations
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Hypotension
low urine out put
pallor
diaphoresis
restlessness 
agitation
disorientation

Question 6

Distributive Shock

Answer 6

• Issue is blood vessels have become dilated.
• Characterized by maldistribution of the vascular volume

• Types
o Anaphylactic
o Septic
o neurogenic

Question 7

Anaphylactic Shock

Answer 7

• Life threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a sensitizing substance
• Antigen-antibody reaction causes
o Increases release of inflammatory mediators causing:
 Massive vasodilation
 Increased Capillary permeability
Clinical Manifestations of Anaphylactic Shock

• Urticaria – itching caused by hives
• swelling.
• Pruritis –
• Laryngospasm (bc of angioedema), wheezing, stridor, crackles
• Tachycardia
• Restlessness, anxiety
• Hypotension

Question 8

Septic Shock

Answer 8

• Occurs because of invading microbes
• Systemic inflammatory response to an infection
• Damages endothelial line of blood vessels
o Causes blood to leak out of blood vessels into tissue

Tachypnea
Tachycardia 
Fever
Significantly decreased urine output
Abrupt change in mental status
Decrease in platelet count
Difficulty breathing
Abnormal heart pumping function 
Abdominal pain