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Short Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of UB injruy

A

Intraperitoneal bladder rupture (dome of the bladder)
Extraperitoneal bladder rupture (base of the bladder)

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2
Q

Imaging findings suggestive of ovarian simple cyst

A

Anechoic
Posterior acoustic enhancement
Thin invisible wall
No increased vascular flow on doppler
Surrounded by normal ovarian tissue

Mri: homogeneous, T1: low signal intensity (dark). T2: very high signal intensity (bright)
Post contrast : thin and featureless wall enhancement

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3
Q

Imaging findings suggestive of ovarian dermoid cyst

A

Hyperechoic mass
Distal acoustic shadowing with/without hyperechoic lines
Non dependent fliud level
Mri: T1: fat is T1 hyperintense, Fat suppression: loss of T1 signal. T2: hyperintense

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4
Q

Imaging findings suggestive of hemorrhagic cyst:

A

NB: hx of sudden onset of pelvic pain

US: thin walled complex cyst, often with fine septations appears as a reticular pattern “lacy”.
Multiple low level thin internal echoes, may show fluid-fluid level or clot retraction
Wall may be focally or diffusely thickened.
No blood flow within the cyst or the septations, may be seen peripherally
MRI: T1: iso to hyperintense T2: hyperintense

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5
Q

Characteristics of malignant nodule

A

Margin: irregular or spiculated margins
Diffuse and amorphous or punctate Calcification
Growth rate: doubling time is usually between 30 and 400 days
Contrast enhancement of >20 HU
Increased FDG uptake on PET

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6
Q

Causes of pulmonary embolism

A

DVT
C/S
Fracture of long bone

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7
Q

Difference between cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma

A

Cystadenoma:
Thin wall, single large cystic cavity, thin few spetations
cystadenocarcinoma:
Thick wall, solid nodule, thick&many septations, ++vascularity, ascitis, lymphadenopathy, liver metastasis, and pleural effusion.

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8
Q

Radiological signs of dermoid cyst:

A

By USS: complex partially cystic mass with high echogenic contents like fat, or teeth and bone, with posterior shadowing.
May show echogenic lines and dots (hair).
The fat is floating in the top of the lesion, forming fat fluid level
Little or no internal flow
+
Dot and dash or salt and papper
Tip of iceberg
Rokitansky nodule inside it
Fat
Tooth
Sac of marbles

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9
Q

BIRADS

A

BIRADS 0: incomplete assessment
BIRADS 1: negative
BIRADS 2: benign
BIRADS 3: Probably benign
BIRADS 4: probably malignant
BIRADS 5: malignant
BIRADS 6: biopsy proven malignancy

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10
Q

Difference between EDH and SDH
About EDH:

A

need sudden strong trauma, so it is associated with a skull fracture
Lens shaped hge
Always acute: hyperdense
Always unilateral (coup)
Cannot cross suture
Can cross falx cerebri
Common in young
Due to rupture of middle meningeal vessels (A>V)

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11
Q

Difference between EDH and SDH
About SDH:

A

Need repeated minor trauma( no skull fracture)
Crescent shaped hge
May be acute, subacute, or chronic
May be unilateral(coup) or bilateral( coup&countercoup)
Can cross sutures
Cannot cross falx cerebri
Common in old age due to brain atrophy(no support to veins)
Due to rupture of cortical bridge veins

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12
Q

Complicated Meningitis

A

Sub or epidural empyema
Ventriclitis
Brain infarction
Secondary hydrocephalus

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13
Q

DDs od ring enhanced lesion

A

Cerebral abscess
Neurocysticercosis
Metastasis
Glioblastoma

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14
Q

Causes of intraventricular hemorrhage (primary)

A

Anticoagulation
HTN
Aneurysm
Substance abuse
Trauma (less likely)

NB: Often will need an external ventricular drain

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15
Q

Acute vs chronic stroke

A

Pathology:
Acute: cytotoxic edema
Chronic: encephalomalacia: wallerian degeneration
density: both hypoattenuated
Acute: more dense than CSF
Chronic: CSF density
Mass effect:
Acute: positive (volume gain) sulci and gyri effacement and midline shift or herniation
Chronic: negative (volume loss) widened sulci, ex vacuo dilatation of ipsilateral ventricle

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16
Q

Mention three radiological modalities used in the dx of Pulmonary embolism

A

Chest X-ray (initial investigation, non specific)
CT Pul. Angiography (CTPA).
Ventilation/perfusiom lung scan
Pumonary angiography (gold standard)

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17
Q

Principles of radiation protection

A

Distance
Time
Shielding

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18
Q

Contraindications of MRI

A
  1. pacemaker or defibrillator
  2. Bullets or gunshot pellets
  3. Cerebral aneurysm clips
  4. Cochlear implant
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19
Q

Uses of Barium with names:

A

Oral route:
Barium swallow for esophagus
Barium meal for stomach
Barium follow through for small bowel
Retrograde rectum route
Barium enema for colon

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20
Q

Definition of stroke

A

Sudden, focal neurological deterioration due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain

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21
Q

Goals of imaging in acute stroke

A

Rule in or out other disease process.
Define location, extent, and age of infarction
Do so as rapid as possible

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22
Q

Imaging modalities for acute stroke

A

CT
MRI
DWI MRI
PWI MRI
DSA
Doppler carotid

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23
Q

Early signs of ischemic infarction

Study These Flashcards
A

Dense artery sign
Effacement of sulci
Poor differentiation of gray-white matter

24
Q

MRI T1appearance of blood according to the age of storke:

Study These Flashcards
A

Hyperactute: isointense
Acute: isointense
Early subacute: bright
Late subacute: bright
Chronic: dark

25
MRI T2 appearance of blood according to the age of storke:
Hyperactute: bright Acute: dark Early subacute: dark Late subacute: bright Chronic: dark
26
Advantages of conventional radiography
Cheap Fast Low radiation Protable machines Still the most widely obtained imaging studies
27
Disadvantages of conventional radiography
Limited range of densities Ionizing radiation
28
Advantages of Fluoroscopy
Widely available Inexpensive Functional and anatomical imaging No sedation required
29
Disadvantages of Fluoroscopy
Requires: ingestion or injection of contrast medium (patient cooperation) and risks for allergy and renal insufficiency Radiological hazard: Time consuming It is time-consuming because we are following contrast agents inside organs
30
X-ray uses medical field
Plain X-rays are mostly used to detect pathology in the skeletal system. Sometimes used for soft tissue: -Chest X-ray to identify lung disease like pneumonia or lung cancer -abdominal X-ray to detect intestinal obstruction?, free air or free fluid.
31
Disadvantages of CT
Expensive Need large space Ionizing radiation Usually requires IV contrast Can't detect intra articular abnormalities Dense bone (petrous ridge for example) and metal cause severe artifact.
32
Major benefite of CT scanning over conventional radiography
Ability to expand the gray scale Multislices CT scanner permits very fast imaging New applications: virtual colonoscopy and vitrual bronchoscopy, cardiac ca scoring, CT coronary angiography
33
Advantages of US
Doppler for flow No radiation l Can be portable Relatively inexpensive
34
Disadvantages of US
Highly dependent on patients body size and US operator Air or bowel gas prevents visualization of structures
35
Common calcified structures in CNS
Pineal gland Basal ganglia Choroidal plexus
36
Signs of pulmonary embolism
Localized area of consolidation Localized area of collapse Pleural effusion
37
Advantages of MRI
non Ionizing radiation Produce much higher contrast bt different types of soft tissues than even CT MRI is widely used in neurologic imaging (sensitive in soft tissue imaging)
38
Disadvantages of MRI
Expensive Not widely available Uncooperative patients need sedation or aensthesia Modern implants may cause black artifact
39
Radiological findings of pulmonary edema
Bilateral opacifications (Bat wings signs) Bilateral consolidation kerley B line ++cardiac thoracic ratio
40
CXR trauma findings
Hemothorax Pneumothorax Ribs fractures (Flail chest) Pulmonary contusions Subcutaneous emphysema Mediastinal widening (possibe aortic injury)
41
Contraindications of IVU
Renal insufficiency Multiple consecutive contrast study H/O allergy Cardiac disease Patients who are on stop the drug 48hr before contrast injection
42
IVU good for
Show the renal function UT obstruction Renal and bladder mass Congenital anomalies Localization of ectopic kidney
43
The cause of UT obstruction :
In men: BPH or prostatic cancer In women: gynecological cancers and pregnancy In young adults: calculi is most common In children: reflux and ureteropelvic junction obstruction
44
Types of nephrocalcinosis
Medullary nephrocalcinosis (95%) Cortical nephrocalcinosis (5%) Pratial, combined
45
Radiographic features of Chronic pyelonephritis
Renal scarring Renal atrophy Renal cortical thinning Compensatory hypertrophy of residual normal tissues Calyceal Clubbing Thickening and dilatation of the calyceal system Overall renal asymmetry
46
Conditions associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Cerebral berry aneurysms HTN Colonic diverticulosis Bicuspid aortic valve Mitral valve prolapse Aortic dissection
47
Causes of bladder Calcification
Stone Calcification in the wall is rare (due to schistosomiasis or bladder tumor)
48
Two type of neurogenic bladder
Large atonic Hypertrophic type
49
Causes of bladder outlet obstruction : 3 bladdr 3 prostate 2 urethra
Bladder tumor Bladder neck stenosis Neurogenic Bladder BPH Prostatic cancer Prostatitis Urethral stone Urethral strictures
50
Normal indentations of the esophagus
Aortic arch (22.5 cm) Left bronchus (27.5 cm) Enlarged left atrium
51
Signs of peptic stricture
Short Smooth outline Tapering ends Ulcer may be seen close to stricture
52
Cuases of esophageal stricture
Peptic (GERD) Carcinoma Achalasia Corrosive Surgery
53
Modalities and radiological signs of **congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis**
X-ray: single bubble sign Barium meal: string sign, Shoulder sign, mucosal nipple sign, mushroom sign, 🤷‍♂️also umbrella sign, tram track sign USS (best): cervix sign, antral nipple sign, target sign
54
US measurement in **congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis**
Pyloric muslce wall thickness >3mm Pyloric transverse diameter >14mm with closed Pyloric channel Elongated pyloric canal >17 mm in length Exaggerated peristaltic waves
55
Examples of extramural lesions compressing the esophagus
Carcinoma of the bronchus Enlarged mediastinal lymph node Aneurysm of aorta
56
Features suggesting malignant gastric ulcer
Doesn't protrude beyond the gastric contour (endoluminal) Irregular and shallow ulcer crater Nodular and angular ulcer mound Nodular gastric folds **Carman meniscus sign** More often along the **greater curvature**
57
Features suggesting benign gastric ulcer
Site: along lesser curvature in gastirc body and antrum Outpouching of ulcer crater beyond the gastric contour Smooth rounded and deep ulcer crater Smooth ulcer mound Smooth gastric folds Hampton's line

Radiology (37 decks)

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