Short Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Serum
A
plasma-clotting proteins
2
Q
Plasma
A
liquid part of blood
3
Q
2 Plasma proteins
A
antibodies
clotting proteins
4
Q
Where are red blood cells produced?
A
Bone marrow
5
Q
Fate of red blood cell
A
Iron from haemoglobin stored in liver and recycled to make new haemoglobin
Converted to bile pigments
6
Q
Where are platelets produced?
A
Bone marrow
7
Q
Function of platelets
A
clot blood
8
Q
Functions of blood clots
A
reduce blood closs
prevent entry of micro-organisms
9
Q
Functions of blood
A
Transport food,waste products and hormones
Transport oxygen and heat
Defend against disease
10
Q
Blood groups
A
A
B
AB
O
11
Q
Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape?
A
Larger surface area to exchange oxygen
12
Q
Oxyhaemoglobin formation
A
haemoglobin+oxygen in lungs
13
Q
Lymphocytes
A
stored in lymphatic system 25% 3 months-10 years Large,round nucleus Make antibodies
14
Q
Monocytes
A
5%
6-9 days
Kidney shaped nuclei
Surround and digest bacteria (phagocytes)
15
Q
Red blood cells
A
Transport oxygen
no nuclei
biconcave shape
16
Q
Open circulatory system
A
blood leaves blood vessels and flows around cells before re-entering blood vessels again
17
Q
Closed circulatory system
A
blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels
18
Q
Layers of arteries/veins
A
Outer layer:inelastic protein (collagen)
Middle layer:muscle and elastic fibres-alter size
Inner layer:endothelium
Lumen
19
Q
Blood pressure
A
force the blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel
20
Q
Pulse
A
alternate contraction and expansion of arteries
21
Q
Valves
A
control direction and prevent back flow
22
Q
Characteristics of arteries
A
High pressure Away Thick wall Small lumen Pulses No valves High in oxygen (except pulmonary)
23
Q
Characteristics of veins
A
Low pressure Valves Large lumen No pulses Low oxygen (excedpt pulmonary)
24
Q
Pulmonary circuit
A
heart-lungs-heart
blood gains oxygen and loses co2 in lungs
25
Systemic circuit
heart-body-heart
| blood loses oxygen and gains co2
26
portal system
blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries
27
diastole
chambers relax
28
systole
chambers contract
29
Functions of the lymphatic system
defend against infection
collect tissue fluid and return it to blood
destroy microbes
absorb and transport fats
30
How does lymph differ from blood?
no red cells,platelets or large proteins
31
How does lymph move in blood vessels?
Muscles
| General body movements
32
Where does lymph return to the blood?
subclavian vein
33
What are lymph nodes?
swellings along lymph vessels
| filter bacteria
34
What does lymph consist of?
white blood cells,protein and fats
35
4 events in human nutrition
ingestion:taking in of food
Digestion:breakdown
Absorption:digested food passes into blood
Egestion:removal of unabsorbed waste
36
Incisors
cut and slice
37
Canines
grip and tear
38
premolars/molars
crush and grind
39
Dental formula
2(I2/2 C1/1 P2/2 M3/3 )
40
Epiglottis
Closes over trachea and ensures food passes down oesophagus
41
Oesophagus
carries food to stomach by peristalsis
42
Peristalsis
wave of muscular action in the walls of the alimentary canal that moves contents along
43
Stomach
muscular bag that holds and digests food
Mucus
Pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid
44
Mucus
prevents self-digestion
45
Hydrochloric acid
activates pepsinogen
denatures salivary amylase
kills bacteria
loosens fibrous foods
46
Functions of the liver
```
making bile
detoxifying e.g. alcohol
deamination
glucose to glycogen for storage
storing vitamins and minerals
```
47
Functions of bile
emulsify lipids
neutralise chyme
excrete pigments
48
function of duodenum
digestion
49
function of ileum
absorption
50
What is present in pancreas for neutralising chyme?
sodium hydrogen carbonate
51
Adaptations of villi for absorption
```
large numbers (surface area)
Walls one cell thick
```
52
Adaptations of small intestine for absorption
rich blood suply
lymph supply
numerous villi and microvilli (surface area)
53
Absorption of fats
lacteal-lymph
fatty acids and glycerol absorbed
re-form into fats and coated with protein and pass into lymph
transported to blood stream and absorbed
54
Absorption of other nutrients e.g. amino acids
absorbed by capillaries,carried to hepatic portal vein to liver
warehouse
amino acids-deaminated
55
Caecum and appendix
vestigial organs (lost their former use)
56
vestigial organs
lost their former use
57
Colon
reabsorbs water
58
Functions of symbiotic bacteria
B and K vitamins
| Prevent growth of bacteria
59
Balanced diet
contains all necessary food types in correct proportions
60
Pharynx
throat
61
larynx
voice box
62
Functions of nose
filter,moisten and warm air
63
Mucus in breathing system
sticky and traps small particles e.g. dust
64
Cilia
beat and create upward current,moving mucus upwards
65
Pleura
membranes
66
Pleural cavity
Contains liquid which reduces friction during breathing
67
Function of alveoli
gas exchange
68
Adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange
huge surface area
thin walled
moist
network of capillaries
69
How is oxygen transported?
oxyhaemoglobin
70
How is co2 transported?
Blood plasma
71
Gas exchange-co2 and water
pass out of body cells by diffusiom
| diffuse from blood plasma into alveoli
72
Gas exchange-oxygen
passes from alveoli into blood
| into body cells
73
Inhalation
```
brain controls
active
ribs up and out
diaphragm down
volume increases
pressure decreases
external air pressure higher-air forced in
```
74
Exhalation
```
intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
passive
ribs down and in
diaphragm up
volume decreases
pressure increases
air forced out
```
75
Symptoms of asthma
noisy,breathlessness
76
Causes of asthma
allergens e.g. pollen
| bronchioles inflamed and narrow
77
Prevention of asthma
avoid allergens
78
Treatment of asthma
bronchodilators/steroids
79
What part of the brain controls breathing?
medulla oblongata
80
How does co2 control breathing?
carbonic acid causes ph to drop
impulses to diaphragm and intercostal muscles-breathe
excercise-co2 increases
81
High co2
faster breathing
82
Low co2
slower breathing
83
Pathogen
organism that causes disease
84
Immunity
ability to resist infection
85
general defence system
barrier to all pathogens attempting to gain entry (non specific)
86
Specific defence system
attacks particular pathogens
87
Lysozyme
enzyme found in sweat and tears
| attacks and dissolves cell walls of bacteria
88
Skin
structural barrier
89
clotting
prevents entry of further pathogens
90
sebaceous glands
sebum (chemicals that kill bacteria)
91
Second line of general defence
Phagocytes:surround and ingest pathogens
Defence proteins:complement,interferons
Inflammation:more WBC to area
92
Interferons
prevent viral multiplication
| limit spread of viruses
93
Antigen
foreign molecules that stimulate production of antibodies
94
Antibody
protein produced by WBC in response to a specific antigen
95
How do lymphocytes fight infection?
attack body cells that display antigens
| produce antibodies
96
Antigen-antibody reaction
highly specific
precise fit
each antigen stimulates the production of only one specific antibody
97
Induced immunity
ability to resist disease caused by specific pathogens by producing antibodies
98
active immunity
production of a person's own antibodies in response to foreign antigens
99
natural active immunity
pathogen enters body in normal way
100
Artificial active immunity
pathogen medically introduced
101
Vaccine
non disease causing dose of a pathogen which triggers
| production of antibodies
102
Passive immunity
given antibodies formed by another organism
103
natural passive immunity
child gets antibodies from mother
104
artificial passive immunity
given an injection containing anitbodies made by another organism
105
Vaccination
administration of a non-disease causing dose of a pathogen to stimulate the production of antibodies
106
immunisation
produce/injected with antibodies against a pathogen
107
Where do B cells mature
Bone marrow
108
Where do T cells mature
thymus gland
109
Plasma B cells
produce antibodies
110
Memory B cells
survive for years after the infection is eliminated and can make the specific antibody if the same infection later enters the body
111
T cells
helper T
killer T
suppressor T
memory T
112
Helper T
stimulate B and killer T
113
Killer T
perforin
| destroy abnormal body cells
114
Suppressor T
inhibit immune response
115
Memory T
survive for years after infection eliminated and can stimulate specific B and killer T if same infection later enters the body
116
Gonad
sex organ that produces sex cells
117
Testes
male gonads
temp maintained at 35 degrees (meiosis)
produce sperm
118
Epididymis
sperm mature
119
Sperm duct
carries sperm to urethra
120
urethra
carries urine/sperm out of the body
121
semen
fluid containing sperm and seminal fluid
122
seminal fluid
medium for sperm to swim in and nourishes
123
What 3 parts produce seminal fluid?
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
cowper's gland
124
What form of nuclear division are sperm formed by?
meiosis
125
acrosome
enzyme that digests egg membrane
126
midpiece
mitochondria
127
tail
allows the sperm to swim
128
puberty
beginning of sexual maturity
129
infertility
inability to produce offspring
130
secondary sexual characteristics
features that distinguish males from females apart from the sex organs
131
Hormones in male reproductive system
FSH causes sperm producing cells to divide by meiosis-haploid sperm
LH causes testes to produce testosterone
132
Examples of male secondary characteristics
pubic hair
enlargement of larynx
widening of shoulders
growth spurt
133
Example of male infertility
low sperm count
134
cause of low sperm count
smoking
alcohol
steroids
135
corrective measures for low sperm count
changes in diet and lifestyle
| stop smoking,alcohol,drugs
136
ovulation
release of egg from ovary
137
Graafian follicle
produces oestrogen
138
Funnels in fallopian tube
catch egg after ovulation
139
How is egg moved along fallopian tube?
cilia and peristalsis
140
Vagina
allows entry of sperm and birth canal
141
menstrual cycle
series of events that occurs every 28 days on average in the female if fertilisation has not taken place
142
menopause
ovulation and menstruation stop
143
copulation
sexual intercourse
144
orgasm
physical and emotional sensations experienced at the peak of sexual excitement
145
ejaculation
release of semen from penis
146
insemination
release of semen into vagina,just outside of cervix
147
fertilisation
nucleus of sperm fuses with nucleus of egg,forming a diploid zygote
148
menstrual disorder
fibroids-benign tumours of the uterus
149
causes of fibroids
abnormal response to oestrogen
150
Days 1-5 of menstrual cycle
endometrium breaks down/shed (menstruation)
| meiosis in ovary-new egg surrounded by graafian follicle
151
Days 6-14
oestrogen-causes endometrium to thicken
| prevents new eggs
152
Day 14
ovulation-graafian follicle bursts to release egg
153
Days 14-28
```
corpus luteum
progesterone-causes endometrium to thicken
prevents new eggs
corpus luteum degenerates around day 22
breakdown on day 28
```
154
menstruation
discharge of the lining of the uterus and the unfertilised egg
155
Secondary female characteristics
maturing of breasts
pubic hair
growth spurt
156
Female infertility example
endocrine gland failure
157
Cause of endocrine gland failure
pituitary gland fails to produce FSH and LH
158
Corrective measures of endocrine gland failure
hormone supplements
| invitro
159
FSH
pituitary gland
1-5
stimulates few potential eggs
160
Oestrogen
Graafian follicle
5-14
causes endometrium to develop and inhibits FSH
No further eggs develop
161
LH
pituitary gland
day 14
causes ovulation and corpus luteum
162
Progesterone
```
corpus luteum
14-28
maintains endometrium
inhibits FSH and LH
no further eggs developed
```
163
Implantation
embedding of fertilised egg into lining of the uterus
164
survival of sperm
up to 7 days
165
survival of egg
up to 2 days
166
where does fertilisation take place
fallopian tube
167
When does implantation occur
6 to 9 days after fertilisation
168
amnion
secretes amniotic fluid,surrounds and protects embryo by acting as a shock absorber
169
In vitro
removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body
170
when does the placenta start to function
4 weeks
171
functions of the placenta
exchange-gases,nutrients waste etc
prevents blood mixing
progesterone
172
why should blood of baby and mother not mix?
blood pressure
| blood groups
173
morula
solid ball of cells formed from a zygote by mitosis
174
blastocyst
hollow ball of cells formed from a morula
175
germ layers
basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which all adult tissues and organs will form
176
endoderm
inner lining of digestive,respiratory systems
177
mesoderm
muscles,skeleton
178
ectoderm
skin,nails,hair
179
week 4
heart forms
brain
umbilical cord
180
week 5
internal organs
| limbs
181
week 6
eyes,mouth,nose,ears
182
week 8
human face,ovaries/testes
183
week 12
bone replaces cartilage
184
gestation
length of time spent in uterus from fertilisation to birth
185
Hormones associated with birth
placenta stops producing progesterone
uterus contracts
pituitary gland-oxytocin-stronger contractions and labour
186
Stages of birth
1-12 hours,contractions bush foetus towards cervix,waters break
2-20 minutes to an hour,cervix dilates,foetus pushed out through cervix and vagina,cord clamped
3-afterbirth-placenta
187
colostrum
thick yellow fluid provides protection against infection
188
Lactation
secretion of milk by the mammary glands of a female
189
Hormone in breastfeeding
prolactin stimulates milk production
190
Biological benefits of breastfeeding
```
nutrients
antibodies
sterile
recovery
breast cancer
```
191
birth control
limits taken to limit the no. of children born
192
contraception
deliberate prevention of fertilisation/pregnancy
193
Examples of contraception
Natural-cycle
Chemical-spermicides,the pill
Surgical-vasectomy,tubal ligation
Mechanical-condoms
194
Virus structure
```
protein coat (capsid)
nucleic acid:RNA or DNA
```
195
Viruses : living
genetic material
protein coat
can replicate
196
Vruses :dead
non-cellular
cannot reproduce by themselves
No cell organelles
Only one type of nucleic acid
197
Shapes of viruses
round
rod
complex
198
bacteriophages
virus that infects bacteria
199
Stages in viral replication
```
attachment
entry
synthesis
assembly
release
```
200
attachment:virus
virus attaches to host cell
| matches up with receptor sites
201
entry:virus
viral nucleic acid pushed through
| protein coat stays outside
202
synthesis:virus
host nucleic acid made inactive
| uses host organelles to produce new viral nucleic acid and proteins
203
assembly:virus
new viruses made inside host cell
204
release:virus
cell bursts to release between 100 and 100000 new viruses
205
retroviruses
protein coat
rna
enzyme
206
obligate parasite
can only replicate using a living cell
207
disadvantages of viruses
human disease e.g cold
plant disease eg tomato mosaic
animal disease e.g. rabies
208
benefits of viruses
genetic engineering-vectors
| control of infections-bacteriophages
209
Functions of skeleton
support
movement
protection of organs
210
axial skeleton
vertebrae and skull
211
appendicular skeleton
limbs and girdles
212
Cranium
20 fused
213
vertebral column
```
cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumbar 5
sacrum 5 fused
coccyx 4 fused
```
214
ribs
12 pais
1-7 true
8-10 false
11-12 floating
215
sternum
breast bone
216
pectoral girdle
shoulder
217
clavicle
collar bone
218
scapula
shoulder blade
219
arm
humerus,radius,ulna,carpals (8),metacarpals (5),phalanges
220
leg
femur,patella,tibia,fibula,tarsals(7),metatarsals(5)Phalanges
221
epiphysis
head/tail
222
diaphysis
shaft
223
periosteum
membrane that encloses
224
compact bone
strength and rigidity
| composed of calcium salts and collagen
225
spongy bone
strength and rigidity
| marrow
226
red marrow
produces red blood cells
227
yellow marrow
stores fat
| converts to red
228
joint
place where 2 or more bones meet
229
3 types of joint
immovable e.g. skull
slightly moveable e.g.vertebrae
free moving e.g. hinge/ball and socket
230
synovial membrane
encloses joints and secretes synovial fluid
231
synovial fluid
lubricates and reduces friction
232
ligament
bone to bone
233
tendon
muscle to bone
234
antagonistic muscles
muscles that work in pairs opposite each other
| one muscle contracts other relaxes
235
osteoblast
bone forming cell
| produce collagen and calcium phosphate
236
osteoclast
break down bone
237
growth plate
area between epiphysis and diaphysis in a long bone in which bone growth occurs
238
Bone renewal
bone continuously broken down and replaced
bone material removed from interior and deposited on outside
osteoclasts remove worn cells and deposit calcium
239
What is bone renewal dependent on?
physical activity
diet
hormones
240
osteoarthritis
```
wear and tear of joints,degenerative
joints wear faster than can be replaced
pain and swelling
reduce weight and correct footwear
anti inflammatory meds and replacements
```
241
Deficiency in thyroxine
slow metabolism
overweight
treatment:hormone supplements and iodine
242
excess thyroxine
increased heart rate and blood pressure
weight loss
treatment:surgery
243
hormone supplements
insulin
| HRT
244
Nerve Action v Hormone Action
H-chemical N-electrical
H-slow N-fast
H-long lasting N-brief
245
CNS
brain and spinal cord
246
Peripheral nervous system
nerve fibres that carry messages between CNS and rest of body
247
Ganglion
collection of cell bodies
248
Neuron
nerve cells that carry receptor messages
249
sensory neuron
carries impulses from sense organ to CNS
250
motor neuron
carries impulses from CNS to effector
251
Interneurons
carry impulses within CNS
252
Impulse
electrical movement using ions
253
Cell body
controls passage of impulses
| produces neurotransmitter chemicals
254
axon
carry impulse to effector
255
dendrites
receive impulses and carry them toward cell body
256
schwann cells
produce myelin sheath
257
myelin sheath
protection/insulation
258
neurotransmitter swellings
release neurotransmitters that carry the impulse from one nerve to another
259
synapse
region where 2 neurons come into close contact
260
synaptic cleft
tiny gap between two neurons
261
benefits of synapse
allows transmit of impulse in one direction
| impulses can be blocked by certain chemicals e.g. painkillers
262
cerebrum
voluntary actions e.g. thinking,language
263
cerebellum
muscular activity,balance
264
medulla oblongate
involuntary-breathing
265
hypothalamus
homeostasis and osmoregulation
266
pituitary gland
hormones
267
meninges
3 layers,protects
268
thalamus
sorting centre
269
dorsal root
carries nerve axons into spinal cord
270
ventral root
carries nerve axons away from spinal cord
271
central canal
contains ceberospinal fluid
272
reflex action
automatic,involuntary response to a stimulus
| protect body from danger
273
reflex arc
pathway taken by a nerve impulse ina reflex action
274
Parkinsons disease
failure to produce dopamine
trembling,stiff
no prevention
physio,levodopa imitates dopamine
275
Iris
controls amount of light entering eye
276
Pupil
lets light into eye
277
aqueous humour
holds shape at front
278
vitreous humour
holds shape at back
279
lens
focuses light on the retina
280
retina
converts light impulses into nerve impulses
| rods and cones
281
blind spot
no rods/cones
| optic nerve leaves eye
282
optic nerve
carrys impulses to brain
283
cornea
lets light into eye
284
accomadation
ability of the eye to focus at different distances by altering shape
285
ciliary muscles
change shape of lens (accomodation)
286
Why are 2 eyes better than 1?
depth perception
| 3D vision
287
sclera
holds eye in shape
288
suspensory ligament
holds lens in place and changes its shape
289
pinna
collects sound
290
auditory canal
carries vibrations
291
eardrum
vibrates
292
ossicles
amplify vibrations
293
eusatchian tube
equalises air pressure on both sides
294
cochlea
hearing
295
semi circular canals
balance
| 3 planes
296
glue ear
surplus sticky fluid
| grommets/nose drops
297
DNA structure
double helix
| nucleotide:phosphate,sugar (deoxyribose) and base
298
Complementary base pairs
A+T (2 hydrogen bonds)
| G+C (3 hydrogen bonds)
299
Purines
A and G
300
Pyridimines
C and T
301
DNA replication
```
double helix unwinds
enzyme breaks bonds
bases from cytoplasm enter nucleus
bases attach to exposed complementary bases
2 exact replicas
each new piece rewinds
```
302
RNA vs DNA
U,T
Single,double
RNA moves out of nucleus,DNA stays in
Ribose,deoxyribose
303
DNA profiling
process of making a unique pattern of DNA from one person that is compared with DNA of another person
304
DNA profiling process
dna released
cut into fragments using restriction enzymes
seperated by size using fel electrophoresis
smaller move further and faster
patterns compared
305
applications of DNA Profiling
criminal cases
| paternity testing
306
genetic screening
identify presence/absence of altered/particular gene
307
Genetic engineering
artificial manipulation/alteration of genes
308
Allele
alternative forms of the same gene
309
autosome
chromosome that does not have role in determining sex
310
carrier
person who is heterozygous for a gene is said to be a carrier of the recessive gene
311
dihybrid
genetic croos involving two traits
312
diploid
2 copies of each chromosome,2 sets
313
dominant
prevents recessive allele from being expressed
314
gamete
haploid cell capable of fusion
315
gene
section of DNA that causes the production of a protein
316
Genetic expression
the way in which the genetic info in a gene is decoded and used to make protein
317
genetic code
sequence of bases that provide instructions to form a protein
318
heredity
passing on of traits,using genes,from one generation to the next
319
heterozygous
different alleles
320
homozygous
identical alleles
321
incomplete dominance
neither alleles masks the expression of the other
| both equally expressed
322
linked genes
genes located on the same chromosome
323
locus
position of a gene on a chromosome
324
triplet/codon
sequence of 3 bases in DNA that act as a code for an amino acid
325
Test for reducing sugar
benedict's solution
brick red
not present-blue
326
Test for protein
sodium hyrdoxide and dilute copper sulfate
present-violet
not-blue
327
population
all members of the same species living in an area
328
community
different populations in an area
329
climatic factor
weather over a long period of time
330
producers
organisms that carry out photosynthesis
331
consumers
take in food from another organism
332
decomposers
organisms that feed on dead organic matter
333
detritus feeders
organisms that feed on small pieces of dead organic matter
334
trophic level
feeding stage in a food chain
335
food chain
sequence of organisms in which one is eaten by the next member in the chain
336
food web
two or more interlinked food chains
337
pyramid of numbers
number of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain
338
nutrient recycling
way in which the elements are exchanged between the living and non living componenets of an ecosystem
339
pollution
any harmful addition to the environment
340
conservation
wise management of the existing natural resources in order to maintain a wide range of habitats and prevent the death/extinction of organisms
341
Intra specific competition
between members of the same species
342
Inter specific competition
members of different species
343
Competition
active struggle for a resource that is in short supply
344
contest competition
active physical contest between two individual organisms
345
scramble competition
all competing individuals get some of the resource
346
predator
catches,kills and eats other organisms
347
symbiosis
two organisms of different species live in close association and at least 1 benefits
348
qualitative survey
absence/presence
349
quantitative survey
no. of organisms
350
adaptation
alteration that improves organisms chance of survival/reproduction
351
ultrastructure
detail of a structure as seen using an electron microscope
352
TEM
internal structure
353
SEM
surface view
354
Chromatin
chromosomes elongated and not dividing
355
Using a light microscope
```
low power objective lens
stage+slide
coarse adjustment
adjust light e.g. angle of mirror
gigh power objective lens
fine adjustment knob
```
356
observing animal cell
cotton swab-cheek cell
methylene blue
cytoplasm-pale blue
nucleus-dark blue
357
observing plant cell
onion-epidermis
| iodine-cytoplasm yellow,nucleus orange
358
tissue culture
growth of cells in/on a sterile nutrient medium outside an organism
359
applications of tissue culture
skin grafts
| micropropagation
360
solar energy
sun
361
cellular energy
energy stored in bonds of biomolecules
362
substrate
substance with which an enzyme reacts
363
product
substance an enzyme forms
364
bioprocessing
use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product
365
bioreactor
vessel in wich living cells/their products are used to make a product
366
immobilised enzymes
attached,or fixed to each other or an inert material
367
advantages of immobilised enzymes
reused
increased stability
cheaper
368
example of immobilised enzyme
lactase,lactose,glucose+galactose
369
effect of ph on rate of enzyme
ph buffer 4,one drop washing up liquid,blended celery,water bath at 25
volume of foam after 2 mins
repeat-buffer 7,10,13
370
effect of temp on enzyme
buffer 9,washing up liquid,blended celery,ice cold water
repeat at 10,20,30,40,50 and 60
371
Prepare an enzyme immobilisation
```
yeast-sucrase
sodium alginate +water 5 mins
yeast+water 5 mins
calcium chloride
syringe high-prevents clumping
leave for 15 minutes
```
372
examining application of immobilised enzymes
seperating funnel
yeast+water-2nd seperating funnel
sucrose and water-half in each funnel
glucose test strips
373
active site
part of enzyme that combines with substrate
374
Induced fit model
```
substrate combines with active site
active site changes shape slightly
enzyme substrate complex
substrate-product
active site returns to original shape
```
375
enzyme specificity
each enzyme will react onlywith one particular substrate
376
optimum Ph
ph value at which enzyme works best at
377
denatured enzyme
lost its shape and can no longer function
