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Naval History > Short Term answers > Flashcards

Short Term answers Flashcards

Understanding the terms that are significant to Naval History

1
Q

Treaty of Ghent

A
  • British and American Representatives
  • Ended the War of 1812
  • Signed on December 24
  • Signed in Ghent, Belgium
  • Treaty was signed to acknowledge the end of the war without sacrificing honor, territory or rights
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2
Q

Great Power System

A
  • Early 17th Century Navies established this
  • A system to establish what was a (first-rate) power
  • 17th Century
  • Europe
  • Used to recognize who the Great Power was and that other countries had to acknowledge them
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3
Q

Security Dilemma

A

-

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4
Q

Mercantilism

A
  • Britain & France
  • Idea that promoted protection of a countries assets
  • 16th-18th centuries
  • Europe
  • Promoted policies and tariffs that would boost the country’s economy
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5
Q

Guerre de Course

A
  • France developed this
  • Strategy that French would use
  • Late 1600’s (1688)
  • France (other countries would soon adopt this)
  • Because of advanced enemies this was used to attack English and Dutch merchant ships
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6
Q

Guerre d’Escadre

A
  • Dutch
  • Naval strategy
  • First Anglo-Dutch Wars (1651)
  • Used throughout Europe
  • This strategy was more ship on ship/fleet engagements
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7
Q

Anglo-Dutch Wars

A
  • Dutch, Anglo-Saxons
  • Wars fought over the economic conflicts at the time
  • Mid to late 1600s
  • European waters
  • (1) A result of the Dutch replacing Portugal as the dominant traders in Asian, Baltic, and European waters

(2)

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8
Q

Navigation Acts

A

-

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9
Q

Line ahead Formation

A
  • Anglo and Dutch
  • Formation used to attack the enemy
  • Used during the Anglo-Dutch wars
  • European waters
  • This tactic was used to support other ships while they attacked the enemy
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10
Q

Ships of the Line

A
  • Ships that were the head of the fleet
  • 18th century
  • Developed by the British
  • These ships were made as the flagships and would be used to fight enemy squadrons and fleets
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11
Q

Frigates

A
  • Smaller class of warship
  • 18th century
  • Developed by the British
  • Acting independently, these ships were fast in the various missions they carried out. Such as scouting, or carrying dispatches
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12
Q

Unrated Warships

A
  • Even smaller class of ship
  • 18th century
  • Developed by the British
  • Having only 20 guns, these carried out even more missions and had shallower drafts
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13
Q

Privateering

A

Established by the government, this type of warfare would be aimed at the commerce of the enemy. While weakening the enemies economy, the harassment would also be effective

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14
Q

William Pitt

A
  • Britain wartime Prime Minister
  • 1708-1778
  • Lived in Britain
  • Believed Britain’s future was in it’s overseas empires and pushed for expansion past Britain
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15
Q

Stamp Act

A
  • Tax act imposed on the American colonies to help pay for the French and Indian War
  • 1765
  • One of the acts that would spark the American Revolution
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16
Q

Sugar Act

A
  • Tax act imposed on the American colonies to help pay for the French and Indian War
  • 1764
  • One of the acts that would spark the American Revolution
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17
Q

Declaratory Act

A
  • British hardening their stance on their ability to tax the American colonists
  • asserting Britain’s authority to make laws binding the colonists “in all cases whatsoever” including the right to tax
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18
Q

Esek Hopkins

A
  • First Commodore (CINC) of the Continental Navy
  • 1718-1802
  • Rhode Island native; sailed to Bahamas after finding a loophole in his orders
  • Because of Esek Hopkins disobedience, the push for a “national” navy was ceased
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19
Q

Samuel Nicholas

A
  • First commissioned officer in USMC
  • Considered to be the first CMC
  • Recruited marines at Tun Tavern (Philly)
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20
Q

Battle of Nassau

A
  • the first successful landing by Continental Marines
  • led to the capture of Nassau (March 1776)
  • Naval operation and amphibious assault
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21
Q

Benedict Arnold

A
  • Commander of American forces in the Lake Champlain area
  • Battle of Valcour Island (Oct. 1776)
  • Lake Champlain
  • His defeat at Lake Champlain ultimately delayed the British’s advance in the area and helped with the American’s victory at Saratoga
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22
Q

Guy Carleton

A
  • Quebec Governor (British)
  • Battle of Valcour Island (Oct. 1776)
  • Lake Champlain
  • Would push to invade New York and New England and would start at Lake Champlain
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23
Q

Lake Champlain Arms Race

A
  • Benedict Arnold
  • Battle of Valcour Island
  • Oct. 1776
  • In an effort to stop British forces from invading NY and New England, Arnold would work over the summer to build “gundalows” and “galleys”
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24
Q

Battle of Valcour Island

A
  • Benedict Arnold & Guy Carleton
  • Battle in Lake Champlain between American and British
  • Oct. 11 1776
  • Valcour Island in Lake Champlain
  • Although it was a defeat for the Americans, the delay it caused allowed American forces to train and be ready for the British when they did come
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25
Q

Battle of Saratoga

A
  • British, America, France
  • Battle that stopped British forces invading North
  • Oct. 1777
  • Saratoga
  • The battle would show France’s recognition of America being able to take on the British and would act as allies
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26
Q

VADM Charles Hector Comte d’Estaing

A

-

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27
Q

John Paul Jones

A
  • Captain of American Naval forces
  • Best known in 1778-1779
  • Sailed many campaigns all across Europe harassing British Forces
  • JPJ was a fighter who took the fight to Britain and established the fighting spirit of America and its Navy
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28
Q

Whitehaven Raid

A
  • John Paul Jones
  • A raid that Jones led to continue harassment of British shipping
  • Early 1778
  • Whitehaven, England
  • Jones and his men spiked British guns at a fort and set fire to the ships to suppress British commerce
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29
Q

Battle of Flamborough Head

A
  • John Paul Jones, captain of the USS Bonhomme Richard
  • Battle between two known naval ships
  • Summer 1779
  • Flamborough Head, off the coast of the UK
  • This battle resulted from Jones waiting for the Serapis since it was guiding a convoy. The defeat of the Serapis would be known throughout France and the US
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30
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A
  • Gen. George Washington
  • Major battle that would ultimately determine the fate of the American Revolution
  • Summer 1780-Winter 1782
  • Yorktown, VA; where Lord Cornwallis set his HQ
  • Because of combined efforts with the French army and navy, the Allies were able to surround Cornwallis and force surrender and determine victory for the US
31
Q

Humphrey’s Frigates

USS Constitution

A
  • Joshua Humphrey
  • These frigates were a new class of ship that was developed
  • Occurred after the Act of 1794
  • Built throughout the US
  • These new classes of ships were larger and heavily armed and gave the US Navy its own concept of a warship. They were foundational to the early US Navy
32
Q

Basha Yousef Karamanli

A
  • Barbary Pirate who declared war on the US
  • Early 1800s
  • Throughout the Mediterranean; Tripoli
  • Karamanli’s declaration of war would resume the US’ desire for a Navy, and would play a major part in The Tripolitan War
33
Q

Mediterranean Squadron

A
  • Stephen Decatur would start this
  • This squadron of ships were left behind to observe the Mediterranean
  • Mid 1800s
34
Q

USS Philadelphia

A
  • William Bainbridge captain of the Philadelphia
  • Ship that was captured by Tripoli pirates
  • Sep. 1803
  • Barbary Coast where it was captured; Tripoli Harbor where it was on fire
  • The burning of the Philadelphia was a product of the US not giving in to treachery that was found on the seas
35
Q

Presley O’Bannon

A
  • Marine Lieutenant
  • March 1804
  • Fort of Tripoli at Derna
  • LT O’Bannon would lead a charge against the city along with forces from Hamet Karamanli (would be given Hamet’s mamaluke sword)
36
Q

Rule of 1756

A
  • Britain
  • Rule that restricted commerce for the US as well as other countries
  • 1756
  • Would effect American trade around the globe
  • This Rule led British forces to seize American ships that were caught trading with France
37
Q

XYZ Affair

A
  • Charles Pinckey, Elbridge Gerry, John Marshall
  • France wanted a bribe of 50,000 lbs in order to open negotiations
  • Early 1800s
  • Negotiations were held in France
  • Even after John Adams wanted to avoid war with France, negotiations failed and pushed American desire for war and naval expansion
38
Q

Citizen Genet Affair

A
  • Edmond-Charles Genet
  • French envoy that tried to influence America
  • April 1793
  • Charleston
  • Because of the French Revolution, France sought power and tried to raise forces to invade Spanish Florida
39
Q

Jays Treaty

A
  • Supreme Court Justice John Jay
  • They treaty recognized the Rule of 1756 and granted Britain “most favored nation” trading status
  • 1794-1796
  • Signed in London
  • Although Britain got the trading status, the Treaty still ignore impressment of US Sailors
40
Q

Embargo Act

A
  • Thomas Jefferson proposed it
  • The act would forbid all foreign trade to try to have Britain and France recognize their neutral rights
  • Early 1800s
  • Congress
  • The act would hurt the Navy and literally destroy their ships. The Navy also couldn’t regulate what was in the cargo
41
Q

Non Intercourse Act

A
  • Republicans
  • The act would allow trade, but not with Britain or France
  • March 1809
  • Congress
  • Act would allow for trade, but it didn’t regulate where they went. This made it harder for the Navy to protect and track trading
42
Q

Macon’s bill No. 2

A
  • Congress would approve this
  • The Bill forbade British and French warships from entering US waters unless either country recognizes their neutral rights
  • May 1810
  • Congress
  • This affected the Navy in that they had to be ready for any British and French ships that tried to advance into US waters
43
Q

Chesapeake Leopard Incident

A
  • James Barron was the captain of the Chesapeake
  • The incident caused unsteady ties with the US and Britain
  • June 22, 1807
  • Hampton Roads, VA
  • This attack on the Chesapeake harmed a Navy ship and would be the major event that would lead to the War of 1812
44
Q

William Henry Harrison

A
  • Governor in the Northwest
  • November 1811
  • Prophet’s Town (present-day Lafayette,, IN)
  • Not much impact to the US Navy
45
Q

Tecumseh and the Prophet

A
  • Shawnee chieftain
  • Nov. 1811
  • Prophet’s Town (present-day Lafayette, IN)
  • No impact to the US Navy
46
Q

Paul Hamilton

A
  • Secretary of the Navy
  • 1812
  • Hamilton was active in Congress
  • Paul Hamilton was very active in the development and use of the Navy and even proposed a plan to use the Navy to continue harassing British commerce
47
Q

Stephen Decatur

A
  • Captain of the USS Enterprise
  • Dec. 1803
  • Tripoli, Tripoli Harbor
  • Decatur would lead a daring mission to destroy the USS Philadelphia to rid of it from Tripolitan hands
48
Q

John Rodgers

A
  • Captain of the USS President; Commander of a Navy squadron
  • May 1811
  • Sailed many missions
  • Rodgers would eventually pick up Commodore and lead Naval forces to fulfill the U.S.’s need for a Navy
49
Q

James Lawrence

A
  • Captain of the USS Chesapeake
  • Mid-1813
  • Notable battle was in Boston
  • Lawrence was an ambitious man who tried to take on a superior enemy but lost. Although the battle would show the American’s willingness to go into the fight despite the odds
50
Q

Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry

A
  • Commanded at Presque Isle
  • Spring 1813
  • Battle in Put-in-Bay at South Bass Island
  • Perry was also an active warfighter during the War of 1812, and was a brilliant strategist taking on two British ships (Queen Charlotte and Detroit) and winning
51
Q

Battle of New Orleans

A
  • Andrew Jackson led this battle
  • Battle took place after the Treaty of Ghent
  • Publicly recognized as a major win for t
    he Americans during the revolution
52
Q

Panic of 1819

A
  • Europe and the US were affected
  • Economic depression following the War of 1812
  • Although it only lasted for two years, the depression showed how the buying of land and rapid expansion hurt the US
53
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

This idea was to expand Westward and see what the rest of the United States had, regardless of what would happen to the indigenous population. The Navy would play a role in transportation as well as taking advantage of steam technology

54
Q

War on Algiers

A

POSSIBLY:

- Second Barbary War, fought over the tribute that the Barbary pirates were demanding from ships transitting the Med

55
Q

Abel P. Upshur

A
  • Secretary of the Navy
  • Was very active in the continued development of the Navy
  • Early 1840s
  • Upshur wanted to reshape the service. In doing so he increased the budget to create new ships and steam technology
56
Q

Mexican American War

A
  • Commodore David Conner (Commander of the Home Squadron)
  • The war was a dispute between what land was the Mexicans or the Americans
  • 1840’s
  • Mexico, Southern US
  • This war would establish the borders of the US as we were looking westward to expand
57
Q

Winfield Scott

A
  • General in the Army; led a 8,600 man army
  • Known for the Veracruz landing in 1847
  • Combined forces with the US Navy to land at Veracruz for the largest amphibious assault at the time
58
Q

Veracruz Landing

A
  • General Winfield Scott & General Zach Taylor
  • This assault would be an attempt to take Mexico City
  • 1847
  • Veracruz and then to Mexico City
  • This landing would be the largest amphibious assault in history at the time, combining the forces of the Navy and the Army
59
Q

Battle of Chapultepec

A
  • General Winfield Scott as well as 357 Marines
  • This battle was to take Mexico City which was heavily fortified
  • 1847
  • Mexico City
  • This battle killed 90% of the Marine Officers and NCOs and inspired the future generation of Marines. Including the addition of the blood stripe
60
Q

Charles Wilkes

A
  • Lieutenant in the Navy
  • Wilkes would volunteer to be a explorer for the US Exploring Expedition
  • 1840s
  • Would start in Norfolk and would circumnavigate the world
  • Despite his junior rank Wilkes was able to take on a journey that would last for four years expanding US interests around the world
61
Q

US Exploration Expedition

A
  • Andrew Jackson administration would push for this; LT Wilkes would lead the expedition
  • The expedition was a push for the exploration of Antarctica
  • Mid 1830s
  • Focus was Antarctica
  • The expedition would increase American stature and increase American desire to learn and study the waters of the region
62
Q

Constabulary Navy

A

-

63
Q

Merchant Marine

A

-

64
Q

Squadron Navy

A

From the early to late 1800s the US Navy changed dramatically and went from being used for all out war to being used for tactical advantages as well as being stationed all over the world to protect American interests.

65
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A
  • James Monroe
  • The Doctrine let other world powers know that any Europe influence can be a threat to the US
  • Early 1800s as the US wanted more separation from Europe
  • Congress enacted this
  • The Doctrine implied that we would take charge of the Western Hemisphere and no one else was to be involved
66
Q

East India Squadron

A
  • Captain Edmund Kennedy was a primary commander
  • The squadron was created to establish trade with China
  • 1835
  • Traded in Canton
  • The squadron would be one of the first fleets engaged with China, especially in trade. Trading with China required more protection from the Navy.
67
Q

Lawrence Kearny

A
  • Commodore
  • First Opium War (1842)
  • The deal that Kearny secured with China allowed the US to trade at the five major ports in China
68
Q

Andrew Jackson

A
  • Former militia general; 7th POTUS
  • Assumed office in 1829
  • Andrew Jackson loved the Navy and sought to use the Navy to its full potential. From transporting individuals to other countries, to fully supporting an Expedition to the Antarctic
69
Q

Ironclads

A
  • Developed by the South and eventually the North, these new types of ships would show the future of the Navy and what kind of threats they would need to face and create
70
Q

Jefferson Davis

A
  • Provisional President of the Confederate States of America
  • Dec. 1860 after the seven states decided to secede
  • Davis hails from Mississippi
  • The establishment of two States would also divide the Navy. And even moved the USNA to Newport
71
Q

Anaconda Plan

A
  • Created by Winfield Scott
  • The plan was to surround the South and any ports
  • Beginning of the Civil War
  • Target was to surround the Southern States
  • The use of the Navy included the idea of a blockade that was heavily debated. The Navy played major roles in taking important ports that were key to the Confederacy
72
Q

Monitor and Merrimack (Virginia)

A
  • The South would spark the idea of ironclads which the North would follow suit
  • Two ironclads that both the South and North created to outmatch each other
  • Mid 1862, during the Civil War
  • Hampton Roads
  • The engagement showed what the future of the Navy held and the Union’s ability to halt the Confederate’a ability to gain the upperhand
73
Q

Battle of Hampton Roads

A
  • USS Monitor v. CSS Merrimack
  • First ironclad battle
  • March 1862
  • Hampton Roads
  • The first engagement from ironclads, this battle showed the future of what the US Navy would bring
74
Q

James B. Eads

A
  • native Indianan
  • A civilian who understood the importance of gaining the Mississippi and helped the Union
  • During the Civil War as the Union planned to take the Mississippi
  • If the Union had control of the Mississippi River, it would allow them to control most of the South and allow for better movement across the country

Naval History (2 decks)

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