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MSK > Shoulder & Elbow Anatomy > Flashcards

Shoulder & Elbow Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?

A
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
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2
Q

What is the name of the joint at which the entire upper limb and pectoral girdle articulate?

A

Glenohumeral joint

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3
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the shoulder joint?

A
  • Head of Humerus
  • Glenoid cavity of Scapula
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4
Q

What structures are associated with the shoulder joint and what are their functions?

A

Joint capsule - fibrous sheath which encloses the structures of the joint

Synovial membrane - Lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid to reduce friction between the articular surfaces

Synovial bursae - A synovial fluid-filled sac which acts as a cushion between tendons and other joint structures

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5
Q

What are the clinically important bursae found around the shoulder joint?

A

Subacromial

Subscapular

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6
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

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7
Q

What type of movements can occur at the shoulder joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Internal rotation

External rotation

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8
Q

What factors contribute to the shoulder joint being so mobile?

A
  • Shallow glenoid cavity and large humeral head (golf ball on tee)
  • The joint capsule is lax
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9
Q

What structures give stability to the shoulder joint?

A

Rotator cuff muscles - Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and Teres Minor compress the humeral head into the glenoid fossa

Glenoid labrum - Deepends the glenoid cavity, reducing risk of dislocation

Ligaments - Strenthen the joint capsule

Bicep tendon - Depresses the humeral head into the glenoid fossa

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10
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the elbow?

A
  • Trochlear notch of the Ulna
  • Trochlea of the Humerus
  • Head of Radius
  • Capitulum of Humerus
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11
Q

What are the clinically important bursae around the elbow joint?

A

Intratendinous

Subtendinous

Olecranon

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12
Q

What movements occur at the elbow joint?

A

Extension

Flexion

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13
Q

What are the 2 different locations of the radioulnar articulations?

A

Proximal radioulnar joint - articulation of the radial head and radial notch of the ulna

Distal radioulnar joint - articulation between the ulnar notch of the radius and head of ulna

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14
Q

How is movement produced at the proximal radioulnar joint and what movements are permitted?

A
  • Head of radius rotates within the annular ligament
  • Pronation and Supination movements permitted
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15
Q

What muscles perform pronation and supination at the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation - pronator quadratus and pronator teres

Supination - Supinator and biceps brachii

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16
Q

What is the articular disc and what are its functions?

A
  • A fibrocartilaginous ligament

Functions:

  • Holds the radius and ulna together during movement at the joint
  • Seperates the distal radioulnar joint from the wrist joint
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17
Q

What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint and what movements does it permit?

A

Type of joint - Pivot

Movements - Pronation & Supination

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18
Q

What muscles perform pronation and supination at the distal radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation - Pronator Teres, Pronator Quadratus

Supination - Supinator & Biceps Brachii

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19
Q

What is the Interosseus membrane and what are its functions?

A

Interosseus Membrane - A sheet of connective tissue that joins the radius and ulna together between the two radioulnar joints.

Functions:

  • Holds the radius and ulna together during pronation and supination
  • Acts as a site of attachment for muscles in the forearm
  • Transmits forces from the radius to the ulna
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20
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the wrist joint?

A

Distally - Proximal row of the carpal bones

Proximally - The distal end of the radius and the articular disk

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21
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

A

Synovial Condyloid

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22
Q

What movements occur at the wrist joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

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23
Q

Which group of muscles perform flexion of the wrist joint?

A

Anterior forearm muscles

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24
Q

What is the combined action of extensor anf flexor carpi ulnaris muscles on the wrist joint?

A

Flexion and medial deviation

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25
Q

What muscles are responsible for abduction of the wrist?

A

Abductor Pollicis Longus

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus & Brevis

26
Q

What is the action of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Extension of the wrist joint

27
Q

What muscles produce extension at the shoulder joint?

A

Posterior Deltoid

Latissimus Dorsi

Teres Major

28
Q

What muscles produce flexion at the shoulder joint?

A

Pectoralis Major

Anterior Deltoid

Coracobrachialis

29
Q

What muscles produce abduction at the shoulder joint?

A

0-15 degrees - Supraspinatus

15-90 degrees - Middle fibres of Deltoid

90 degrees plus - Trapezius & Serratus Anterior

30
Q

What muscles produce adduction at the shoulder joint?

A

Pectoralis Major

Latissimus Dorsi

Teres Major

31
Q

What muscles produce internal rotation at the shoulder joint?

A

Subscapularis

Pectoralis Major

Latissimus Dorsi

Teres Major

Anterior Deltoid

32
Q

What muscles produce external rotation at the shoulder joint?

A

Infraspinatus

Teres Minor

33
Q

What muscles produce flexion at the elbow joint?

A

Brachialis

Biceps Brachii

Brachioradialis

34
Q

What muscles produce extension at the elbow joint?

A

Triceps Brachii

Anconeus

35
Q

What muscles produce pronation at the radioulnar joints?

A

Pronator quadratus

Pronator Teres

36
Q

What muscles produce supination at the radioulnar joints?

A

Supinator

Biceps brachii

37
Q

Which aspect of the spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior rami (motor & sensory)

38
Q

Which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

39
Q

Through which bony structure do the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord?

A

Intervertebral foramen

40
Q

In the cervical portion of the vertebral column, what is the relationship between vertebral body and spinal nerve number?

A

The spinal nerve exits the spinal column above its corresponding vertebral body, i.e. spinal nerve C5 will exit between vertebral bodies C4 and C5

41
Q

What is the mnemonic that can be used to remember the sub-divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

Read (Roots)

That (Trunk)

Damn (Divisions)

Cadaver (Cords)

Book (Branches)

42
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

43
Q

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior

Middle

Inferior

44
Q

What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

Each trunk seperates into anterior and posterior divisions

45
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral

Posterior

Medial

46
Q

What are the branches of the brachial plexus and their root values?

A

Musculocutaneous (C5, C6, C7)

Axillary (C5, C6)

Radial (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

Median (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)

Ulnar (C8, T1)

47
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder?

A

Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi

Levator Scapulae

Rhomboids

48
Q

What action does serratus anterior have on the pectoral girdle?

A

Protracts the pectoral girdle

49
Q

Which muscles make up the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder?

A

Deltoid

Teres Major

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres Minor

Subscapularis

50
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Teres Minor

51
Q

In relation to the shoulder joint, which of the rotator cuff muscles lie posteriorly?

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres Minor

52
Q

In relation to the shoulder joint, which of the rotator cuff muscles lie anteriorly?

A

Subscapularis

53
Q

Which of the rotator cuff muscles is responsible for abducting the arm at the shoulder joint?

A

Supraspinatus

54
Q

Which of the rotator cuff muscles is responsible for laterally rotating the arm at the shoulder joint?

A

Infraspinatus

Teres Minor

55
Q

Which of the rotator cuff muscles is responsible for medially rotating the arm at the shoulder joint?

A

Subscapularis

56
Q

Which muscle is found posterior to the humerus?

A

Triceps Brachii

57
Q

What is the action of triceps brachii?

A

Extension of the arm and forearm

58
Q

Which muscle is the antagonist to triceps brachii?

A

Biceps Brachii

59
Q

What bones does the biceps brachii attach to?

A

Scapula and Radius

60
Q

What actions does the biceps brachii perform?

A

Flexion and supination of the forearm (due to its attachment to the radius)

61
Q

At which joints does the radius move around the ulna?

A

Superior and Inferior Radioulnar joint

62
Q

Which muscles are antagonists to biceps brachii?

A

Pronator Teres

Pronator Quadratus

MSK (31 decks)

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