SI Ao3 Flashcards
Evaluation of explanations of conformity ao3 1
Asch procedure and findings -link to Nsi how does it support
Jenness p and f link to Isi how does it support
Evaluation of explanations of conformity Ao3 asch gender bias
However, research to support NSI as an explanation For conformity conducted by Ash is gender bias as only males were tested. It was an androcentric sample. Therefore it is difficult to generalise findings into females as it is suggested that females might be more conformist because they are more concerned about social relationships, and more concerned by being like by their peers than males.Neto 1995. Therefore this shows the NSI explains informative for some people females more than it does for others males this weakens and the external validity of research into NSI as an explanation as to why people conform.
Evaluation of explanations of conformity, a03 discussion asch
In addition, Ash found that when participants wrote the answers down, conformity dropped 12.5%, this is because given answers privately meant there was no normative group pressure supporting the NSI due to a desire to be light to avoid ridicule
Variables affecting conformity evaluation ao3 rts
Research to support was conducted by Lucas. He asked students to solve easy and hard maths problems. Participants were given three or the answers from students not actually real. The participants can find more often agreed with the wrong answers when the problems were more difficult rather than easy, therefore supported ashes research into variables affecting conformity, because it suggests that when the task is harder conformity increases
Variables affecting conformity ao3 Lucas et al counter
However, Lucas et Al study found that conformity is more complex than asch suggested participants with high confidence in their math abilities conformed less on the hard maths problems than those with low confidence. This shows that an individual level level factor can influence conformity and interact with social variables, such as task, difficulty, limiting ashes, research into variables affecting conformity as he did not research the roles of individual factors.
Variables affecting conformity gender bias
Ashes research into variables affecting pharmacy can be criticised as a gender bias as only males were tested. It was an androcentric example, therefore is difficult to generalise the findings to females as it is suggested that females might be more conformist regardless of the variable effecting and conformity because they are more concerned about social relationships and more concerned by being liked by their peers Nito 1955 therefore this shows there are some factors which determine somebody’s level and level of conformity more than the variables suggested such a gender weakens, the external validity of research into variables effecting and conformity
Zimbardo and conformity to social roles ao3 extraneous variables
One strength of Zimbardo research into conformity is to social roles that it has high control over extraneous variables. One example is the way in which the participants were selected research assessed the emotional stability of the participants prior to the experiment and randomly signed them to the role of prisoner and Guard if prisoners behaviour very differently and they were those roles by chance, their behaviour must’ve been used to the role itself. This allows them to accurately measure the power of social roles on the level of conformity rather than being affected by individual personality differences. Therefore this increases the internal validity of Zimbardos research, investigating conformity to social roles.
Zimbardo and conformity to social roles ao3 ethical issues
A further weakness of Zimbardo‘s research is that there was major ethical issues. There was a lack of informed consent as the prisoners did not consents to being arrested out their homes, and we’re only told they were taking part in an experiment, investigating prison life. Finally, the prisoners were not protected from harm as some showed signs of psychological disturbance, therefore somebody may argue this reduces the credibility of Zimbardo research investigating conformity to social roles
Discussion: however, Zimbardo carried out extensive debriefing sessions with the participants for several years afterwards and concluded that there were no long lasting negative effects. In addition, the benefits to our understanding of social roles on human behaviour outweighs the minor cost of ethical issues on participants as the research has been used to improve training for armed forces and present environments .
Situational variables affect obedience, Bickman
Research to support situational variables affect obedience was a field experiment conducted by Bittman in New York. He had confederate dress in three different outfits as security guard, a milkman and a businessman and as passes by to give money to pay for parking or pick up litter it was found that participants were twice as likely to follow the instructions of a confederate, wearing a security guard uniform, and a businessman, therefore, supporting the power of uniform as a variable affecting obedience, and participants were more likely to follow these orders, as well as Demonstrating This variable affect obedience
Situational variables affecting obedience Dispositional factors
An alternative explanation for obedience is dispositional factors internal factors e.g. the author authoritarian personality. This would argue that obedience is due to internal characteristics of the person e.g. their personality rather than situational factors. Therefore this suggests that obedience may not just be due to proximity location at uniform external factors. This weekend, the research in situational variables of obedience as this is not the whole explanation.
Situational variables affecting obedience gender bias
Milligrams research in situational variables affect obedience has gender bias as a male only samples used. This may mean it is difficult to generalise the findings to females as they may have a obey differently to the variables effects. No obedience. For example, some research suggest females may be more obedient, regardless of the situational variable because their traditional gender roles made dictate they may be more submissive, for example shared, and King found that when ordered to give electric shocks to a puppy, females obeyed 100% at the time compared to 54% of male participants, this weekend, external validity of research into situational variables, fat obedience as variables may affect obedience and some people more than others.
Explanations of obedience to authority, agenic state, RTS
Research to support the agent state an explanation of obedience to authority was shown in milligrams, obedience studies, most of milligrams participants Resisted given shocks at some point, and often ask the experimental questions such as who is responsible. If the learner is harmed when the experimental responded, I am responsible. The participants often continued to obey and give the electric shocks. This supports the state as an explanation for obedience, and once participants no longer believed that they were responsible for their actions, they obeyed the experimenter
Explanations of obedience to authority, Hoffing
Further research to support the explanations for obedience to authority was conducted by Hoffing. He conducted study using nurses on a hospital ward who will order by an unknown doctor to give a dangerous dose of a drug to patients via a telephone 21 out of 22 Nurses agreed to give the medication, even though they knew not to take order over the phone they will start beforehandtherefore supported legitimate of authority as an explanation for obedience because the doctor had more Ortie than the nurses more over. It could also support the agent state as the nurses may have felt the doctors were ultimately responsible as the authority figure, and this is why they obeyed.
Explanations of obedience to authority, RTC, Mandel, 98
However, there is also research contradict the agenic state as the explanation for obedience to authority. Mandel 1998, described one incident involving German Nazi soldiers where men obey their orders to shoot civilians in a small town in Poland. However, they were told beforehand that they could be given other duties. Instead, this contradict the agent states of an explanation of obedience as the soldiers chose to shoot the civilians over there, all the duties, meaning they would not be able to place the blame on an authority figuredue to these findings, it could be argued that there are alternative explanations for obedience. For example, dispositional factors, internal factors, the authoritarian personality. This would argue with obedience is due to internal characteristics of the person e.g. their personality for example, have an extreme respect for authority. Choose their upbringing, therefore suggest that obedience might may not be due to legitimacy of authority and the agent state this week and explanations of obedience as they are not the sole explanations
Dispositional explanation for obedience to authority, millgram elms
Research to support the authoritarian personality was conducted by Milgram and elms who interviewed participants who were taken part in milligrams experiment, and asked them to compete the F scale questionnaire to measure their levels or authoritarianism. They found higher levels of authoritarianism among those participants classified as obedient who gave electric shocks to 450 V compared to those classified as defiant, who only went to 300 V, therefore suggesting that the authoritarian personality is associated with obedience supporting the dispositional explanation of the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience
However, they obedient participants in milligrams research had a number of characteristics. Not typical in someone who has an authority personality. For example milligrams obedient participants did not experience a high-level of punishment in childhood. This suggest that the link between obedience and authoritarian personality is complex and may not be useful predictor of obedience .
