SI must knows

Question 1

protist

Answer 1

unicellular eukaryote
modes of nutrition acquisition: autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs (saprotrophs as a special kind of heterotrph)

ex: slime molds, Rhizeria

Question 2

Uniknota:
Opistikonts

Answer 2

• first to diverge from prokaryotes
  aka most primitive/ancient
  ex: humans, choanoflagellates, animals, fungi

Question 3

Amoebozoa

Answer 3

many are unicellular but many have multicellular stage of life
move by pseudopodia
monophyletic sister to opistikonts (branch off of opistikonts)
ex: slime molds

Question 4

Archaeplastids

Answer 4

unified by primary endosymbiosis to acquire plastid which is serial endosymbiosis
plastid=photosynthesis
ex: red/green algae and land plants

Question 5

Alveolates and Stramenopiles

Answer 5

unified by secondary endosymbiosis
Alveolates
- dinoflagellates (prevent choral bleaching), apicomplexans, ciliates
Stramenopiles
- diatoms, brown/gold algae, oomycetes

Question 6

Rhizeria

Answer 6

“CaCO3 tests left a record in sediments that allowed scientists to recreate records of past CO2 records”
different feeding strategies allow for them to live in lower oceanic environments (lower nutrient environments)
shells made of CaCO3; sequestor CO2 in shells and form aggregates then sink to bottom of ocean and release CO2 so CO2 is removed from atmosphere
ex: globergernia

Question 7

Choanoflagellates

Answer 7

are the closest (unicellular) protist relatives of animals

Question 8

slime molds (mycetozoans)

Answer 8

not fungi but look similar b/c convergent evolution
engulf food by phagocytosis: eat food with pseudopodia that stretch out to decomposing shit
2 types :
-cellular: unicellular but when food is scarce they form an aggregate and are multicellular
-plasmodial: brightly colored usually yellow or orange and unicellular

Question 9

Dictyostelium has primitive farming symbiosis

Answer 9

• About 1/3 of wild Dictyostelium engage in husbandry
• Stop feeding early and incorporate bacteria into fruiting bodies
• Carry bacteria during spore dispersal to seed a new crop
• Advantageous at some new sites where there is no food, disadvantageous at others that have food

Question 10

fungi

Answer 10

• chemoheterotrophs
• sexual and asexual reproduction
• fungi can be decomposer, mutualistic symbionts (lichens, mycorrhizae) and parasites
• fungi treat bacterial infections via antibiotics
• Fleming discovered penicillin
• secrete exoenzymes that break down complex molecules and absorb smaller compounds via feeding called absorption

Question 11

Saprotrophic nutrition

Answer 11

process through which chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion (absorption) is involved in processing decayed organic matter