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Constitutional Law > Sick! Midterm > Flashcards

Sick! Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

WHO

A

-After math of Word War II
-Went into force in 1948: currently, 194 member states
-Is a specialized agency of the UN that is the coordinating authority on international health issues
-US is one of the largest funders of WHO

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2
Q

Health

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” - World Health Organization (WHO definition)

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3
Q

Human Rights

A

-a right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person
The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.
(Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness)

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4
Q

UNDHR

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
-Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations.

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5
Q

Difference between Health care and healthcare

A

-Health care - is the specific things medical professional do: see a patient, prescribe medication
-Healthcare is an industry, the system by which people get the health care they need.
-Healthcare: prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions
- the activity or business of providing medical services

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6
Q

Science

A

The systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation, experimentation, and the testing of theories against the evidence obtained

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7
Q

Public Health

A

-The science of protecting and important the health of people of their communities
- This work is achieved by promoting healthy lifestyles, researching disease and injury prevention, and detecting, preventing and responding to infectious diseases
-Overall, concerned with protecting the health of entire populations

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8
Q

Politics

A

-The activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping achieve power
-The purpose of government is to provide essential service, fulfill the fundamental duties of safety, prosperity, and justice, ensure the rights of each human and protect the country so that its citizens have the ability the pursue happiness
-this is sometimes called the common good

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9
Q

Public Policy

A

-A government’s system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of action, and funding priorities (“allocation of resources” ) concerning a given topic

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10
Q

Demographics

A
  • Selected population characteristics used in research
    • age
    • ethnicity
    • income
    • educational attainment
    • home ownership
    • employment status
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11
Q

Health Indicator (types/examples of health indicators)

A

-A measure that reflects or indicates the state of health of a defined population
-physical & environment build
-social environment
-economic environment
-service environment
-health outcomes

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12
Q

Health Disparities

A
  • difference in health status that occur among population groups defined by specific characteristics, such as wealth, race, or geography
  • can last for generations
  • closing the gap requires addressing social determinants of health
  • differences in health linked to social advantages
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13
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS

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14
Q

SARS

A

SARS appeared in 2002 in China. It spread worldwide within a few months, though it was quickly contained. SARS is a virus transmitted through droplets that enter the air when someone with the disease coughs, sneezes, or talks

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15
Q

International Health Regulations (IHR) Treaty

A

a legally binding agreement of 196 countries to build the capability to detect and report potential public health emergencies worldwide.

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16
Q

Scientific method

A

the attempt to discern the activities by which that success is achieved.

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17
Q

Jonas Salk

A

Jonas Edward Salk was an American virologist and medical researcher who developed one of the first successful polio vaccines.

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18
Q

Exxon Valdez

A

The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in the Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989.
-The ecologically sensitive location, season of the year, and large scale of this spill resulted in one of the largest environmental disasters in U.S. history.

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19
Q

Swine Flu

A

The 2009 swine flu pandemic, caused by the H1N1/swine flu/ influenza virus and declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) from June 2009 to August 2010

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20
Q

Ebola

A

is a rare and deadly disease in people and nonhuman primates. The viruses that cause EVD are located mainly in sub-Saharan Africa.

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21
Q

Antigen Drift/ Antigen Shift

A

Antigenic drift creates influenza viruses with slightly modified antigens, while antigenic shift generates viruses with entirely new antigens

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22
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople.

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23
Q

Clara Barton

A

Clarissa Harlowe Barton was an American nurse who founded the American Red Cross. She was a hospital nurse in the American Civil War, a teacher, and a patent clerk.

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24
Q

Temperance Movement

A

movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of intoxicating liquor

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25
Q

Labor Unions

A

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

26
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin.

27
Q

Yellow Fever

A

is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes.

28
Q

Smallpox

A

is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. It was one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity and caused millions of deaths before it was eradicated. It is believed to have existed for at least 3000 years.

29
Q

Cholera

A

is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

30
Q

Influenza

A

a sudden onset of fever, cough (usually dry), headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat and a runny nose.

31
Q

Polio

A

is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus.

32
Q

Forms of Prevention - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

A

Primary Prevention—intervening before health effects occur, through.
Secondary Prevention—screening to identify diseases in the earliest.
Tertiary Prevention—managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop.

33
Q

PHEICs

A

A public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) is a formal declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) of “an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and to potentially require a coordinated international response”, formulated when a situation arises that is “serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected”, which “carries implications for public health beyond the affected state’s national border” and “may require immediate international action”

34
Q

RO

A

Patient 0 - how they measure how dangerous a disease is (contagion )

35
Q

Zoonotic

A

are infections that are spread between people and animals.

36
Q

Benjamin Rush

A

was a Founding Father of the United States who signed the United States Declaration of Independence, and a civic leader in Philadelphia, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian, educator, and the founder of Dickinson College.

37
Q

Lillian Wald

A

was an American nurse, humanitarian and author. She was known for contributions to human rights and was the founder of American community nursing. She founded the Henry Street Settlement in New York City and was an early advocate to have nurses in public schools.

38
Q

Types of immunity to disease

A

active and passive.

39
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccines teach the immune system by mimicking a natural infection

40
Q

Epidemics

A

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

41
Q

Pandemics & diseases that have caused pandemics

A

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time.
Example: Covid

42
Q

Vectors

A

a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal.

43
Q

Health Inequalities

A

-A generic term referring to differences, variations, and disparities in health status and risk for individuals and groups

44
Q

Health Inquities

A

-refers to inequalities in health that are deemed to be unfair or unjust because they stem from injustice

45
Q

Social Determinates of Health (SDOH)

A

-The economic and social conditions that influence the health of individuals, communities, and groups as a whole
-They determine the extent to which a person possesses the physical, social, and personal resources to identify and achieve personal aspirations, satisfy needs, and cope with the environment
- SODH #1 - Economic Stability
- Employment
- Food insecurity
- Housing instability
- Poverty
- SODH #2 - Education Access & Quality
- Early Childhood Development % Education
- High School Graduation
- Enrollment in Higher Education
- Language & Literacy
- SODH #3 - Healthcare Access & Quality
- Access to Health Services
- Access to Primary Care
- Health Literacy
- SODH #4 Neighborhood & Built Enviroment
- Access to Foods that Support Healthy Dietary Patterns
- Crime & Violence
- Environmental Conditions
- Quality of Housing
- SODH #5 - Social & Community Context
- Civic Participation
- voting
- going to local town hall meetings or school board
- volunteering
- Discrimination
- Incarceration
- Social Cohesion

46
Q

Vaccine and vaccines

A

Vaccine - Vaccines teach the immune system by mimicking a natural infection
-macrophages can’t tell the difference
- they engulf the virus and “sound the alarm.”
- macrophages present the antigen to the lymph nodes
- showpieces of the invader to T cells and B cells

47
Q

Vaccine success stories - eradication of diseases

A
  • While vaccines save money, treating vaccine-preventable disease can be expensive for local, state and national authorities
    • a measles outbreak in a state costs: 1.3 million
    • whooping cough outbreak in a single school: $52,000
    • average flu season: 87$ billion
      Success stories: Polio, smallpox
48
Q

What is the origin and purpose of the WHO? What does its work encompass today? How is it funded, who belongs to it, and why does it matter in world health?

A
49
Q

What are the implications of thinking of health as a ‘human right’?

A
50
Q

What is the scientific method? Why is it important for medicine? What is the proper role of science in healthcare, public health & policymaking?

A
51
Q

What is ‘public health’? Give some examples of public health issues. What criteria might you use to determine whether something is a public health issue? What are the essential public health services? Explain the history of public health in America, including threats to public health and advocates for public health.

A
52
Q

What are some aspects of American culture and politics that make the pursuit of public health more complicated?

A
53
Q

Identify four health indicators. Give some examples of what types of things factor into each of the health indicators you chose. Explain why each of your indicators is important and how it contributes to an overall understanding of an individual’s health.

A
54
Q

What factors contribute to health inequalities? What are ‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’ factors?

A
55
Q

Discuss the 5 components of a ‘healthy neighborhood’, giving examples of each. How do we measure the health of a neighborhood? How do politics impact the health of a neighborhood?

A
56
Q

Explain why Social Determinants of Health are so important. What are the 5 Social Determinants of Health? If we understand the SDOH, it is easier to understand how politics impacts health—why?

A
57
Q

What is a pandemic? Illustrating with 2-3 examples from history, discuss their causes, impact, spread and prevention/mitigation efforts. Why are pandemics a particular public health threat? Continuing to use your examples to support your answer, what factors make these sort of public health threats easier or more difficult to address/manage?

A
58
Q

The United Nations and the World Health Organization both have public campaigns and devote resources to trying to end the AIDS epidemic. Their current slogan is “End Inequalities. End AIDS.” Explain why—what’s the connection?

A
59
Q

How have specific individuals played a role in advancing public health? Give 2-3 examples of people we discussed in class and how they impacted public health.

A
60
Q

You probably know someone who is ‘vaccine hesitant’. Given what we have learned about the role of vaccination in the history of disease, what would you say to convince them of the importance of vaccines?

A
61
Q

How have scientific, societal, or other changes over the last century or so made pandemics either more or less scary/threatening?

A

Constitutional Law (2 decks)

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