Signal Transduction

Question 1

Insulin is the signal that tells our tissues we ________ glucose

Answer 1

need to store

Question 2

glucagon and epinephrine are signals that tells us _______

Answer 2

to release more glucose

Question 3

chemical messengers that bind to cell surface receptors generate a __________ inside the cell

Answer 3

2nd messanger

Question 4

changes in 2nd messenger levels lead to changes in _______ inside the cell

Answer 4

protein activity

Question 5

what are the three classes of cell surface receptors?

Answer 5

ion channels, tyrosine kinase receptors, G protein coupled receptors

Question 6

Cytosolic Ca2+, membrane potential, and insulin release are _______ receptors

Answer 6

ion channel

Question 7

insulin, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are _______ receptors

Answer 7

tyrosine kinase

Question 8

epinephrine, glucagon and cAMP are ________ receptors

Answer 8

G-protein coupled

Question 9

cytosolic Ca2+ is a key ____ messenger

Answer 9

2nd

Question 10

Ca2+ channels allow Ca2+ ions to diffuse through the _________, down its electrochemical gradient

Answer 10

cell membrane

Question 11

Ca2+ channels directly regulate levels of ________

Answer 11

ca2+ in the cytosol

Question 12

1. cytosolic Ca2+ is ____ in a cytosol at rest, and the plasma membrane potential (Vm) is _______ inside (polarized)

Answer 12

LOW, negative

Question 13

2. a more______ membrane potential inside (depolarized) increases cell activity

Answer 13

positive

Question 14

3. depolarization of the membrane potential causes voltage gated Ca2+ channels to _______

Answer 14

open

Question 15

4. when Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane are open, Ca2+ flows from outside the cell into the _____

Answer 15

cytosol

Question 16

potassium channels indirectly regulate _______ by changing the membrane potential, Vm

Answer 16

cytosolic Ca2+

Question 17

When the potassium channels are open, membrane potential is _____, causing Ca channel to ______ and less Ca2+ enters cytosol

Answer 17

polarized, close

Question 18

When the potassium channels are closed, membrane potential is _____, causing Ca channel to ______ and more Ca2+ enters cytosol

Answer 18

depolarized, open

Question 19

ATP gated potassium channels couple high blood glucose to _____ release in pancreatic beta cells

Answer 19

insulin

Question 20

Katp channels are open when ATP in the cell is _______ (polarized, less Ca2+ enters the cytosol)

Answer 20

LOW

Question 21

Katp channels are closed when ATP in the cell is______ (depolarized, more Ca2+ enters cytosol)

Answer 21

HIGH

Question 22

ion channels couple glucose catabolism and ATP to insulin release from _____

Answer 22

pancreatic beta cells

Question 23

G proteins with GTP bound are _______ and interact with target proteins

Answer 23

active

Question 24

G proteins are also _____ (GTPase), that hydrolyze GTP to GDP

Answer 24

enzymes

Question 25

G proteins with GDP bound are _______

Answer 25

inactive

Question 26

nucleotide exchange factor helps release ____

Answer 26

GDP

Question 27

GTPase makes the G protein ______

Answer 27

inactive

Question 28

The small GTPase, Ras, regulates cell growth through _______ and ______ protein kinases

Answer 28

serine, threonine

Question 29

heterotrimeric G proteins (alpha, beta, gamma) couple G-protein coupled receptors to _________systems

Answer 29

2nd messenger

Question 30

the alpha part of the g protein is a GTPase where its inactive with _______ and active with _____

Answer 30

GDP, GTP

Question 31

When the alpha g protein is active it alters the activities of _______ and _____

Answer 31

enzymes, ion channels

Question 32

Adenylyl cyclase (AC) converts ATP into _______

Answer 32

cAMP

Question 32

cAMP is a ______ messenger

Answer 32

2nd

Question 33

G-alpha-s-GTP activates

Answer 33

Adenylyl cyclase (AC)

Question 34

G-alpha-i-GTP inhibites

Answer 34

G-alpha-s-GTP

Question 35

G-alpha-s ______ adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP, protein kinase A is _______

Answer 35

stimulates, activated

Question 36

G-alpha-i ______ adenylate cyclase, decreases cAMP, protein kinase A is _______

Answer 36

inhibits, less active

Question 37

G-alpha-q ________ phospholipase c, ______ IP3, DAG, and Ca2+, protein kinase C is ______

Answer 37

stimulates, increases, activated

Question 38

the glucagon receptor interacts with G-alpha-s which, when _______, stimulates adenylate cyclase and an _______ in cAMP

Answer 38

active, increase

Question 39

epinephrine is the _______ hormone

Answer 39

acute stress

Question 40

insulin signaling pathways regulate _______ and _______

Answer 40

fuel metabolism, cell growth

Question 41

the insulin signaling pathway stimulates cell growth through _______

Answer 41

MAP kinase

Question 42

Insulin signaling pathways fuel metabolism through 1. increasing ________trafficking to the cell surface, 2. ________ of glycogen, lipid and protein, and 3. ________ glucose release from the liver

Answer 42

GLUT4 , increase synthesis, suppress

Question 43

growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases activate ______ G-proteins

Answer 43

Ras

Question 44

Epidermal derived growth factor (EGFR) and Ras are associated with ______

Answer 44

oral cancer