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Insect Physiology > Signaling > Flashcards

Signaling Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Ecdysteroid

A

The collective term for derivatives of ecdysone. Ecdysteroids trigger mainly molting (apolysis) and vitellogenin production by affecting gene expression.

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2
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical produced by specialized tissues and released into the blood that affects target tissues elsewhere in the body.

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3
Q

Neurohormone

A

A hormone produced by neurosecretory cells and released ffrom a neurohemal organ into the hemolymph

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4
Q

Neuronal signaling

A

Transmission of information in a multicellular organism via nerves by means of electrical and chemical signals

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical released at the neural synapse that enables the nervous activation to pass to an adjacent neuron.

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6
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

A type of cell signaling where the target cell is near the signaling cell

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7
Q

Prothroracic gland

A

the endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes ecdysteroids

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8
Q

Ring gland

A

The composite endocrine gland of larval dipterans consisting of the prothoracic gland, corpus allatum, and corpus cardiacum.

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9
Q

Growth Factor Proteins

A

determine tissue types at all life stages

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10
Q

Morphogen proteins

A

A substance that influences the movement and gene transcription of cells through a concentration gradient.

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11
Q

Steroids/sesquiterpenoids

A

(e.g. juvenile hormone) are small organic molecules that regulate development, reproduction, and many other processes

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12
Q

Types of chemical messengers

A
  1. Growth Factor proteins
  2. Morphogen proteins
  3. Steroids/sesquiterpenoids
  4. Neurotransmitters
  5. Peptide/neuropeptide
  6. Immunity factors
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13
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

small organic molecules that enable electrochemical communication with the nervous system and regulate muscle activity

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14
Q

Peptide/neuropeptide hormones

A

enable feedback between tissues and modulate all processes listed

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15
Q

Immunity factors

A

A type of chemical messenger that range from small molecules to large proteins

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16
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

type of cell signaling in which the cell that produces the signal bears receptor for it and is influenced by its action

cell communication with self

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17
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

A type of cell signaling where the target cell is near the signaling cell

cell communicating with nearby cells

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18
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

type of signaling where the target cell is must signal through the bloodstream

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19
Q

Secretion

A

cell synthesis, storage and release into extracellular space/hemolymph

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20
Q

degradation

A

circulating or cell surface enzymes

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21
Q

transduction

A

receptors on cell membrane or inside activate signaling pathway

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22
Q

Steroid hormones

A

regulate development, reproduction, immunity, water balance, metabolism, and behavior

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23
Q

precursor to steriods

A

squalene to cholesterol made by sesquiterpenoids

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24
Q

Prothoracic glands produce?

A

ecdysteroid hormones in nymph/larval stages

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25
Example of an Endocrine gland
Prothoracic gland
26
what assists ecdysteroids into the cell?
nuclear hormone receptors (ex. ultraspiracle transcription factor)
27
Sources of Juvenile Hormone
1. embryonic serosa 2. corpus allatum 3. male accessory gland
28
Juvenile hormone functions
``` in embryo- cuticle and midgut in larvae - prevents metamorphosis -affects pigmentation -stimulates feeding -supresses wandering -induces diapause - caste differentiation in termites ```
29
peptides that stimulate juvenile hormone
1. allatotropins 2. insulin- like peptides 3. ecdysis triggering hormone
30
Juvenile hormone esterase
degrading enzyme that occurs in the hemolymph
31
juvenile hormone binding proteins
- prevent JH from binding to other hydrophobic sites on cell - reduce enzyme metabolism by esterases - provide a reservoir of JH - aid in the transfer of JH
32
2 types of JH binding proteins
1. juvenile hormone binding proteins | 2. Lipophorins
33
Long term action
34
Neuroendocrine
from brain/NS to localized cells
35
Halloween Genes
set of genes coding for cytochrome P450 enzymes in ecdysteroid pathway; mostly in prothoracic gland
36
Ecdysteroid receptors
specific type of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs); function as transcription factors
37
Ecdysone/20-OH ecdysone
most common ecdysteroid (20-hydroxyecdysone) is hydroxylated/activated form found in target tissues) secreted by prothoracic gland; primarily important for molting
38
Golden oil
JH originally obtained from abdomen/fat body (now from accessory glands) of male moth for bioassays with JH
39
Juvabione
"paper factor" JH specific to milkweed bug, affects development
40
Corpa cardaica
pair of organs closely associated with aorta, contains axons passing through to corpora allata
41
Neurosecretory cells
in ganglia of CNS, discharge products into hemolymph (make hormones)
42
Inka cells/Epitracheal glands
large neurosecretory cells attached to trachea near each spiracle; source of ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) and pre-ecdysis triggering hormone (PETH)
43
Synaptoids
swellings at the ends of axon branches of neurosecretory cells where secretions are released into hemolymph
44
Ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH)
peptide hormone produced by Inka cells; acts on VNchord to initiate ecdysis behavior/release of EH
45
Prothorarcictrophic hormone (PTTH)
made in neurohemal organ, signals to prothoracic gland for ecdysteroid synthesis
46
Polytene chromosome puffs
areas of gene activity - unraveled chromosome areas
47
Nuclear hormone receptors
receptors that function as transcription factors with ligand binding domain (binds ecdysone) or DNA binding domain (starts transcription); activates or inhibits gene expression
48
Allatotrophins
neurohormones that stimulate JH production in corpora allata (includes manse-AT)
49
Allatostatins
neurohormones that inhibit JH production in copora allata (reversible, includes manse-AST)
50
Allatoinhibin
neurohormone that inhibits corpora allata irreversibly
51
Insect growth regulator (IGR)
mimic action of hormone to disrupt molting and modify insect/mite growth
52
TcMet
protein coded by methoprene-tolerant (Met) gene; receptor of JH, controls start of metamorphosis
53
Acetylcholine
ACH, predominant excitatory neurotransmitter, binds to ion channels and G proteins coupled receptor
54
Choline acetyltransferase
synthesis from choline and acetyl coenzyme A
55
Acetylchonlinesterase
The enzyme present in the synapse that degrades acetylcholine to acetate and choline. Makes acetylecholine receptor available for the next release of neurotransmitter
56
Ligand gated ion channel
57
Voltage gated ion channels
Target of DDT and pyrethroid
58
Amino acid messengers
1. Y-aminobutyic acid = GABA 2. Glutamate 3. Hisamine 4. Biogenic amines
59
What are GABA receptors
``` A class of receptors thay respond to the neurotransmitter GABA in the CNS EX: Homopentameric chloride channel And metabotrophic receptors ```
60
G-Protein coupled receptors type
a type of metabotropic receptors
61
What is a Biogenic amines
slow acting neurotransmitters
62
Types of biogenic amines
1. Dopamine 2. Phenolamines 3. Octopamine 4. Tyramine 5. Serotonin 6. Melatonin
63
Nitric Oxide
another type of chemical messenger. Syntheized from L-arginine by NO synthase. short lived gas messenger that diffuses through membranes, produced cGMP
64
Eicosanoids
oxygenated metabolites of specific polyunsaturated fatty acid. produced in a variety of tissues
65
monoamine neurotransmitter transporter
66
signal transduction
primary purpose is to transfer signals from outside the cell to inside.
67
basic components of receptor signaling
1. Ligand 2. Receptor 3. Effector or signaling system
68
Receptor tyrosine kinases
69
what are the 4 classes of GPCRs
1. Rhodopsin-like receptor family 2. Secretin-like receptor family 3. Metabotrophic glutamate receptor-like family 4. atypical 7 transmembrane proteins
70
Glial Cell
An accessory cell that surrounds neurons and provides them with nourishment and insulation
71
Synapse
The gap between two neurons, where electrical energy from nervous transmission is converted into chemical energy to stimulate the post-synaptic neuron
72
Neurons
Cellular building blocks that make up the nervous system

Insect Physiology (7 decks)

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