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[Y2] Cells and Immunity > Signalling Jargon > Flashcards

Signalling Jargon Flashcards

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1
Q

What are activated or constitutively activated mutants?

A

Mutants of signalling proteins that are always active, even without ligand binding.

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2
Q

What are adaptor proteins?

A

Non-enzymatic proteins that mediate protein–protein interactions in signalling pathways.

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3
Q

What does AhR stand for?

A

Arylhydrocarbon receptor.

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4
Q

What is AKT also known as?

A

Protein kinase B (PKB).

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5
Q

What is amplification in signalling?

A

Enzyme cascades that convert a single ligand-receptor interaction into a large intracellular response.

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6
Q

What is AP1?

A

A transcription factor complex composed of Fos and Jun.

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7
Q

What does AR refer to?

A

Androgen receptor.

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8
Q

What is Arnt?

A

AhR nuclear translocator.

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9
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

When a cell produces a ligand and also has a receptor to respond to it.

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10
Q

What is a C2 domain?

A

A domain that binds phospholipids, sometimes in a calcium-dependent manner.

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11
Q

What is calmodulin (CaM)?

A

A calcium-binding protein that mediates calcium signalling.

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12
Q

What is CaMK?

A

Calmodulin-dependent kinase, activated by calmodulin.

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13
Q

What is DAG?

A

Diacylglycerol, a second messenger formed by PLC activity that activates PKC.

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14
Q

What are dominant negative mutants?

A

Mutant proteins that block signalling by interacting with pathway components without transmitting the signal.

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15
Q

What is DRE?

A

Dioxin response element.

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16
Q

What are effector proteins?

A

Enzymes activated by signalling receptors that generate second messengers or other downstream signals.

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17
Q

What is EGF?

A

Epidermal Growth Factor, a peptide ligand for EGF receptors.

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18
Q

What is an endpoint (or readout)?

A

A cellular activity used to measure the output of a signalling pathway.

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19
Q

What is an epitope tag?

A

A short sequence added to a protein for detection using specific antibodies.

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20
Q

What is ER (in signalling)?

A

Oestrogen receptor.

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21
Q

What is an ERE?

A

Oestrogen response element.

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22
Q

What is FGF?

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor, a family of growth factors activating FGF receptors.

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23
Q

What is Fos?

A

A transcription factor that forms the AP1 complex with Jun.

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24
Q

What is Fura 2?

A

A fluorescent dye used to detect calcium levels.

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25
What are fusion proteins?
Engineered proteins with attached functional tags like GFP or GST for detection or purification.
26
What is Fyn?
A Src family cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase.
27
What is GAP?
GTPase-activating protein; turns off small G proteins like Ras.
28
What is GEF?
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor; activates small G proteins by replacing GDP with GTP.
29
What is GFP?
Green fluorescent protein used for visualising proteins in live cells.
30
What is a GPCR?
G protein-coupled receptor; a 7-pass membrane protein that activates G proteins.
31
What are G proteins?
Proteins that switch between active (GTP-bound) and inactive (GDP-bound) forms.
32
What is GR?
Glucocorticoid receptor.
33
What is Grb2?
An adaptor protein linking RTK to Ras, made of SH2 and SH3 domains.
34
What is GRE?
Glucocorticoid response element.
35
What is GST?
Glutathione S-transferase; used in fusion proteins for purification.
36
What is a heterotrimeric G protein?
A G protein composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits activated by GPCRs.
37
What is HRE?
Hormone response element.
38
What is ILK?
Integrin-linked kinase.
39
What is immunoprecipitation?
A method to isolate proteins using antibody-coated beads.
40
What is an inhibitor (in signalling)?
A small molecule used to block specific signalling proteins.
41
What is InsP3 (or IP3)?
A second messenger that releases calcium from intracellular stores.
42
What is an ionotropic receptor?
A receptor that controls ion flow across membranes.
43
What are ITAM and ITIM?
Immune tyrosine activation/inhibitory motifs found in immune receptors.
44
What is JAK?
A cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase.
45
What is Jun?
A transcription factor that forms AP1 with Fos.
46
What is a kinase?
An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to proteins or lipids.
47
What is Lck?
A Src family cytosolic PTK.
48
What is a ligand?
A molecule that binds to a receptor to initiate signalling.
49
What is LY294002?
A PI 3-kinase inhibitor.
50
What is MAPK (ERK)?
A cytosolic serine/threonine kinase involved in proliferation.
51
What is MEK?
MAP kinase kinase; activates MAPK by phosphorylation.
52
What is a metabotropic receptor?
A receptor that activates intracellular enzymes rather than ion channels.
53
What is molecular recognition?
Specific interactions between signalling molecules, like ligand–receptor binding.
54
What is a molecular switch?
A reversible change in a molecule’s state, like phosphorylation or GTP binding.
55
What is Myc?
A transcription factor and oncogene that promotes proliferation.
56
What is NO (nitric oxide)?
A gas and second messenger involved in signalling.
57
What are non-enzymatic signalling domains?
Small modular regions in proteins that mediate signalling interactions.
58
What is NOS?
Nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme that produces nitric oxide.
59
What is PDGF?
Platelet-derived growth factor; activates PTK receptors.
60
What is a PDZ domain?
A domain that binds C-terminal S/T-x-V motifs in proteins.
61
What is a PH domain?
A domain that binds phosphoinositides or inositol phosphates.
62
What are phosphatases?
Enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins/lipids.
63
What is phosphorylation?
Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule by a kinase.
64
What are phosphoinositides (PIs)?
Membrane lipids phosphorylated at different positions on the inositol ring, serving as docking sites.
65
What are phosphospecific antibodies?
Antibodies that only recognise a phosphorylated form of a protein.
66
What is PKA?
Protein kinase A, activated by cAMP.
67
What is PKB?
Protein kinase B, aka Akt; activated by PI 3-kinase signalling.
68
What is PKC?
A family of kinases activated by calcium, DAG, and phospholipids.
69
What is PLC?
Phospholipase C; cleaves phospholipids to form DAG and IP3.
70
What are PP1 and PP2A?
Serine/threonine phosphatases.
71
What is PPAR?
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, a nuclear receptor.
72
What is a protein domain or module?
A functional protein segment defined by structure or sequence.
73
What is PR?
Progesterone receptor.
74
What is PTEN?
A lipid phosphatase that inhibits PI 3-kinase signalling.
75
What is a PTK?
Protein-tyrosine kinase.
76
What is a PTP?
Protein tyrosine phosphatase.
77
What is Raf?
A MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), downstream of Ras.
78
What is RAR?
Retinoic acid receptor.
79
What is Ras?
A small GTPase and oncogene that activates MAPK and PI 3-kinase pathways.
80
What are receptors?
Proteins that detect and respond to extracellular ligands.
81
What is the reception phase in signalling?
When a cell detects a signal molecule via its receptor.
82
What is the response phase in signalling?
The cellular activity that occurs following signal transduction.
83
What is RSK?
A kinase activated by MAPK.
84
What is SDS-PAGE?
A method for separating proteins by size using gel electrophoresis.
85
What are second messengers?
Small molecules that carry signals inside the cell, e.g., cAMP, IP3, NO.
86
What does an SH2 domain bind to?
Phosphotyrosine-containing sequences.
87
What does an SH3 domain bind to?
Proline-rich sequences.
88
What is Shc?
An adaptor protein involved in PTK signalling.
89
What is SHIP?
A lipid phosphatase that removes the 5′ phosphate from inositol rings.
90
What is Shp?
A protein tyrosine phosphatase.
91
What is signal transduction?
The process by which cells respond to external signals via intracellular pathways.
92
What is a signal transduction pathway?
A series of steps converting external stimuli into cellular responses.
93
What is SOS?
A GEF protein involved in activating Ras.
94
What is Src?
The prototype cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase.
95
What is SRE?
Steroid response element.
96
What is Syk?
A cytosolic PTK involved in immune signalling.
97
What are target proteins in signalling?
Proteins that carry out the final response, like enzymes or transcription factors.
98
What is TCR?
T cell receptor; initiates T cell signalling.
99
What is TR?
Thyroid hormone receptor.
100
What is the transduction phase of signalling?
The conversion of a receptor-ligand interaction into intracellular signals.
101
What is western blotting?
A technique for detecting specific proteins using antibodies after SDS-PAGE.
102
What is Wortmannin?
A PI 3-kinase inhibitor.

[Y2] Cells and Immunity (27 decks)

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