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GEOG 222 > Simple GIS Data Analysis > Flashcards

Simple GIS Data Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Spatial Analysis

A

The process of understanding spatial features/phenomena

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2
Q

Spatial

A

(absolute location, shape, size)

Feature/feature class, Multi-feature, Local, Regional, Global

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3
Q

Spatial Relationships

A

Spatial relationship from geometry

Intensity of spatial relationships from attributes

Proximity, containment, overlap

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4
Q

Temporal

A

Static

Hourly

Daily

Monthly

Yearly

Multi-temporal
(time, duration, frequency)

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5
Q

GIS for Spatial Analysis

A

GIS provides data, tools, and methods that enable the representation, description, measurement, comparison, understanding relationships, and modeling the past and present of spatial phenomena and prediction of future.

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6
Q

Two Tiers in GIS software systems

A

Common Tools and Techniques & Extensions or Specialized Tools and Techniques

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7
Q

Common Tools and Techniques

A

Date query, proximity, overlays

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8
Q

Extensions or Specialized Tools and Techniques

A

Terrain mapping and analysis, path analysis and network applications

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9
Q

Single Layer Analysis

A

how close each other, how different from each other in pattern  land use classification

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10
Q

Multi-layer Analysis

A

change detection –> pre & post desaster,spatial model –> Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)

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11
Q

Integrated Analysis

A

both spatial and attribute data

involves attributes, location and topology

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12
Q

Analysis involves

A

Analysis involve selection, measure and classification, overlay, surface operations, analysis of spatial connectivity……

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13
Q

Attribute Data Query

A

Attribute data query retrieves a data subset by working with attribute data

The selected data subset can also be saved for further processing

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14
Q

Selected Data Subset Can Be Simultaneously

A

examined in a spreadsheet lile data table structure (records and fields)

displayed in charts/ graphs, and

Can be linked to the highlighted features in a map

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15
Q

Selection of attribute data or the data query requires an expression

A

must be interpretable by the GIS DBMS

varies from one system to another

ArcGIS uses SQL (Standard Query Language) for query expressions

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16
Q

SQL (Structured Query Language)

A

designed for relational databases, by IBM in the 1970s, and used by many commercial database management systems

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17
Q

The basic syntax of SQL includes the following:

A

select [ selects fields as a list]

from [name of the table of the database]

Where [specify the selection criteria]

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18
Q

Query Expressions

A

Query expressions consist of Boolean expressions and connectors

A simple Boolean expression contains two operands and a logical operator

Boolean connectors are AND, OR, XOR, and NOT are used in query functions and overlay operations.

Connect two or more expressions in a query statement.

NOT, AND, and OR are actually used in the operations of Complement, Intersect, and Union on sets in probability

E.g.:
Parcel. PIN = ‘P101’

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19
Q

Boolean Connectors

Not

A

The blue shaded portion represents the complement of data subset B contains elements of the set A that do NOT belong to B

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20
Q

Boolean Connectors

OR

A

The union of data subsets A and B  the set of elements that belongs to A OR B

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21
Q

Boolean Connectors

AND

A

The intersection of A and B –> the set of elements that belongs to both A AND B

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22
Q

SQL (Structured Query Language)Use of Boolean connectors

A

PIN relates the owner and the parcel tables and allows use of SQL with both tables

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23
Q

Spatial Data Query

A

…refers to the process of retrieving a data subset from a layer by working directly with features

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24
Q

Select Features

A

Select features using a cursor, a graphic, or the spatial relationship between features

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25
Spatial Relationships
Spatial relationships used for query include containment, intersect, and proximity
26
Feature Selection by Graphic
Uses a graphic, such as a circle, box, line or polygon to select features that fall inside or are intersected by the graphic
27
Feature Selection by Spatial Relationship
Select features based on their spatial relationship to other features In the same layer or in different layers Containment, intersect, proximity
28
Containment
Select features that fall completely within features for selection,
29
Intersect
Select features that intersect other features
30
Proximity
Select Features within a specified distance of other features
31
Combining Attributes and Spatial Data Queries
When data exploration requires both attribute and spatial query E.g.: Gas stations within one mile of freeway exits and have an annual revenue exceeding a million dollar
32
Vector Data Analysis
Vector data analysis uses the geometric objects | point, line, and polygon
33
Accuracy Of Analysis
Depends on the accuracy of these objects in terms of location and shape.
34
Topology is an important factor for some vector data analysis such as
Buffering and overlay
35
Buffering
is based on the concept of proximity is a single layer operation
36
Buffering creates two areas
within a specified distance of selected features-->buffer zone the other area that is beyond the buffer zone
37
Several variations in buffering:
boundaries of buffer zones may remain intact so that each buffer zone is a separate polygon
38
Applications of Buffering
City ordinance: no liquor store within 1 Km of school Two-mile buffer along streams to minimize sedimentation from logging Forest restrict oil & gas drilling within 500 feet of roads Stream buffers to protect streams from agriculture or construction
39
An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?
Buffer
40
Which of the following queries will select all housing parcels classified as “residential” (from a layer called PARCELS) that are also considered to be “seasonal” homes (from a layer called STATUS)?
PARCELS = “residential” AND STATUS = “seasonal”
41
Methods of Overlay in Vector Data Relationship
Containment and overlaps
42
Multi-layer operation
layer must be spatially registered based on same coordinate system
43
An important consideration in a overlay operation is the ...
feature types
44
Two Groups of Methods of Overlay in Vector Data
Uses two polygon feature layers Uses one polygon feature layer and the other point or polyline-feature layers
45
Understanding Overlay
Combines the geometries and attributes of two feature layers to create a single output layer with a modified set of attribute table. Each feature on the output contains a combination of attributes from the input layers
46
Overlay in Vector data
Based on the type of layers the combination the relationship approaches can be -polygon-on-polygon, point-in-polygon, line-in-polygon
47
Vector Data input and output in overlay
Always uses polygon as the overlay theme Output is the same as the input
48
Vector data overlay: How it works
Lines are split at polygon boundaries Lines take on attributes of overlapping polygons
49
Overlay Boolean Operators AND
Results in "true" for all areas that meet both the first and the second criterion
50
Overlay Boolean Operators OR
Results in "true" for all areas that meet either the first or the second criterion, independent on the areas overlapping or not. In other words, at least one criterion has to be true.
51
Overlay Boolean Operators | XOR
Results in "true" for all areas that meet either the firs tor the second criterion but not both
52
Overlay Boolean Operators | NOT
Results in "true" for all areas that meet the first criterion but not the second
53
GIS Terms in Overlay Methods
Methods may name differently in different GIS package, however, they are based on the Boolean connectors - AND, OR, and XOR
54
GIS TERMS: Intersect
If it uses the AND connector
55
GIS TERMS: Union
If it uses the OR connector
56
GIS TERMS: Symmetrical Difference or Difference
If uses the XOR connector
57
GIS TERMS: Identity or Minus
A minus B
58
Other methods for data selection
You can use SQL for spatial data selection and extraction through attribute data
59
Spatial Tools for Spatial Data Extractions
Dissolve, Clip, Update, Erase, Eliminate, Append, Split
60
Dissolve
Removes boundaries between polygons or nodes between arcs Features with same attributes are dissolved Identical to spatial merge
61
Update
All features exist in output “Under-lapping” features from input layer are erased Attributes only from input theme exist in output Order of input layer and overlay layer is important Polygon on polygon only
62
Clip
Cookie cutter” Only input theme features and attributes exist in output Polygon on polygon, line, or point
63
Erase
Only input theme features and attributes exist in output Order of input and overlay matters Polygon on polygon, line, or point
64
Eliminate
It merges the selected polygons with neighbouring polygons keeping the largest shared border or the largest area “Eliminate” is used most often to remove sliver polygons created in an overlay of two layers
65
Append
Append combines features from two or more layers into a single output layer It does not calculate new topological relationships between the resulting features.
66
Split
Split creates output layer by overlaying two sets of features. Split performs a series of Clip operations, one for each output layer. Each output layer contains only those portions of input layer features that are overlapped by the specified polygons of the Split Layer.
67
Raster DATA Model
a regular grid to cover space value in each cell represents a characteristic
68
Raster Data Analysis
Popular use in application model Various type of raster data (GRID, DEM, DRG…) Software package defines what type raster data can be analyzed  required conversion large variety of analysis operations
69
Algebraic operations for Raster Analysis
output is a single layer Statistics (max, min, range, mean, median, mode, sd..) of the input layers cell values to the output layer Majority, minority, or unique value of the input layers cell-values to the output layer Multi-layer analyses are Similar to the vector overlay operations AKA Map Algebra
70
Algebraic Operations in
A single layer or Multiple raster layers
71
Suppose you have two layers of data and you want a new layer that shows everything in all four of those layers. Which type of overlay operation would you use?
Union
72
If you create a 1-mile buffer around a single point, the shape of the buffer will be:
A circle
73
Spatio-temporal
(changes in a spatial description over time, example change of extent)
74
Non-spatial (name, owner, quality, color, …………)
name, owner, quality, color
75
Non-spatio-temporal
(changes in a non-spatial descriptions over time, example change of colors

GEOG 222 (5 decks)

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