Sites and mechanisms of action (class)

Question 1

Neurons, neural network

-what type of system?

Answer 1

microsystem

Question 2

neural networks, spinal cord

what type of system?

Answer 2

macrosystem

Question 3

brain , environment

–> what system?

Answer 3

supra macro system

Question 4

problem with functional classification

Answer 4

relies on operationalization

Question 5

4 structural divisions of a neuron

Answer 5

Metabolic (Soma)
» Input (dendrites) » Conduction (Axon)
» Output (Terminals)

Question 6

3 communicational divisions

Answer 6

1. Integration (Hillock)
2. Transmission (Nodes of Ranvier)
3. Synapse

Question 7

do all neurons have the same 4 structural divisions?

Answer 7

no, but MOST

Question 8

“emergency response” to depolarization

Answer 8

action potential

Question 9

a neuron is dead at how many mv?

Answer 9

0

Question 10

passive transport relies on a? and the chemical molecules can be? (3)

Answer 10

transport protein

1. lipid soluble
2. small/simple chains
3. uncharged (not an ion)

Question 11

what type of protein binding is direct and fast

Answer 11

iontropic

Question 12

what type of protein binding?

–> receptor changes –> flow across membrane

Answer 12

iontropic

Question 13

what type of protein binding?

- change in other cells –> flows across membrane –> production of chemicals

Answer 13

metabotropic

Question 14

what type of protein binding is indirect and slow?

Answer 14

metabotropic

Question 15

ability to form bonds with other substances

Answer 15

protein binding

Question 16

binding to electrons can be irreversible or reversible. what is an example of a reversible molecule

Answer 16

hydrogen (any molecule involving water can come apart really easily)

Question 17

how does a molecule become toxic?

Answer 17

through irreversible covalent chemical bond to a toxic substance

Question 18

3 types of terminating synaptic action

Answer 18

1. ectopic
2. enzymatic degradation
3. reuptake

Question 19

what terminating action involves “floating away” and is rare

Answer 19

ectopic

Question 20

what terminating action involves “lock and key” model, bonds in substrate weakened

Answer 20

enzymatic degradation

Question 21

what terminating action involves a transport protein and an enzyme

Answer 21

reuptake

Question 22

2 types or receptor actions that play a role in regulation

Answer 22

• autoreceptors

- retrograde synapse

Question 23

the minute the AP hits off the post synapticneuron, it has its own
chemicals that go attach to the pre synpatic neuron and tell it to stop
–> what is this an example of?

Answer 23

• retrograde synapse

Question 24

Excitatoxicity is a form of?

Answer 24

cell death

Question 25

Damage/elimination of neurons as a result of over-stimulation "burn out"

Answer 25

excitotoxicity

Question 26

during a "burn out" what causes increased enzymatic activation

Answer 26

high calcium influx

Question 27

programmed cell death. this is called? and happens when?

Answer 27

- apoptosis | - happens during excitotoxicity during a "burn out"

Question 28

repeated withdrawals is called?

Answer 28

kindling

Question 29

drugs can effect what part of chemical transmission (5)

Answer 29

- synthesis - storing - release (into the synapse) - reuptake (autoreceptors and post synaptic retrograde cells) - activation

Question 30

drugs can behave in to ways?

Answer 30

1) antagonist | 2) agonism

Question 31

a NT is considered a NT if it has these 4 characteristics:

Answer 31

1. The Presynaptic cell.. (Produces, stores, and releases) 2. The post-synaptic cell... (Has receptors for chemical) 3. Blocking affects transmission 4. Artificial activation changes receptors

Question 32

what differentiates a NT form a drug

Answer 32

the presynaptic cell and artificial activation changes receptors

Question 33

what differentiates a NT from a metabolite

Answer 33

the post synaptic cell

Question 34

what differentiates a NT form a toxin/ nutrient

Answer 34

blocking affects transmission

Question 35

quaternary NT function | and what NT?

Answer 35

Learning/ Memory - -> associative, encoding and retrieval - acetylcholine

Question 36

what is acetylcholine also involved in?

Answer 36

Nausea

Question 37

monoamine: dopamine: function?

Answer 37

1.  learning/ memory (reward and punishment) | 2. motor control (inhibition)

Question 38

monoamine: norepinephrine: function:

Answer 38

mobilize (alertness/arousal) | "fight or flight" 

Question 39

indolamines: seratonin: function

Answer 39

"soothing" | - sleep (reality monitoring), mood

Question 40

function of amino acids in general - function fo gaba - function of glutamate - function fo histamine

Answer 40

- regulatory system (monitor and mediate actions) - inhibit - activate - immune regulatory response

Question 41

Autonomic tract – Maintain breathing, heart beat, etc – Vomiting center » Not shielded by blood/brain barrier

Answer 41

medulla oblongata

Question 42

what is the last resort trigger for vomiting

Answer 42

medulla oblongata

Question 43

-Integration of sensory/motor movement | – Visual, auditory, somatosensory, vestibular

Answer 43

cerebellum

Question 44

what brain part is the first and last interaction b/n brain and body

Answer 44

cerebellum

Question 45

pons part of mid brain or hind brain?

Answer 45

mid brain (function of behaviour)

Question 46

pons job

Answer 46

relay to mid and fore brain

Question 47

2 parts of pons and their functions

Answer 47

- locus coeruleus: processes sensory info | - reticular formation: arousal, selective attention, wakefullness (raphe nucleus)

Question 48

the raphe nucleus is part of what and is responsible for what?

Answer 48

part of the reticular formation of the pons and is responsible for initiating sleep

Question 49

mid brain is involved in?

Answer 49

reward circuitry

Question 50

periaqueductal Gray is involved in encoding? and the ventral tegmental area is involved with? --> both parts of?

Answer 50

- pain/punishment - reward circuitry/pleasure - midbrain

Question 51

hippocampus function

Answer 51

learning/memory

Question 52

amygdala function

Answer 52

negative emotion - regulation of it - memory of it - reactivity

Question 53

hypothalamus function

Answer 53

physiological based drives | (homeostasis) EVERYTHING

Question 54

thalamus function

Answer 54

relay (motor and sensory)

Question 55

cerebral cortex function

Answer 55

executive/ cognitive control

Question 56

insula function

Answer 56

Consciousness, self-awareness, interpersonal experience, imagination, gustation, audition