situational variables in obedience

Question 1

What was the aim of Milgram’s baseline study?

Answer 1

To investigate obedience to authority.

Question 2

How many participants were in Milgram’s baseline study?

Answer 2

40 male participants.

Question 3

What task were participants instructed to perform?

Answer 3

Administer electric shocks to a “learner.”

Question 4

Were the shocks real in Milgram’s study?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

What percentage of participants continued to 450 volts?

Answer 5

0.65

Question 6

At what voltage did every participant continue to?

Answer 6

At least 300 volts.

Question 7

What did Milgram’s study demonstrate?

Answer 7

The powerful influence of authority on behavior.

Question 8

What major ethical concern did Milgram’s study raise?

Answer 8

Psychological distress in participants.

Question 9

What was Milgram testing in his proximity conditions?

Answer 9

The impact of physical closeness on obedience.

Question 10

What happened when the teacher and learner were in the same room?

Answer 10

Obedience dropped to 40%.

Question 11

What happened when the experimenter gave instructions over the phone?

Answer 11

Obedience dropped to 21%.

Question 12

What happened when the teacher had to force the learner’s hand onto the shock plate?

Answer 12

Obedience dropped to 30%.

Question 13

What does reduced proximity lead to?

Answer 13

Increased psychological distance and lower obedience.

Question 14

What effect did location have on Milgram’s study?

Answer 14

Obedience dropped to 47.5% in a rundown office.

Question 15

Why did obedience drop in the rundown office location?

Answer 15

Participants questioned the experiment’s credibility.

Question 16

How does institutional support affect obedience?

Answer 16

Prestigious settings increase obedience levels.

Question 17

What environmental factor reinforced obedience at Yale University?

Answer 17

The structured

Question 18

What study supports the role of uniform in obedience?

Answer 18

Bushman’s uniform study.

Question 19

What were the obedience rates in Bushman’s uniform study for a police uniform?

Answer 19

0.72

Question 20

What were the obedience rates in Bushman’s uniform study for business attire?

Answer 20

0.48

Question 21

Why does a uniform increase obedience?

Answer 21

It enhances the perception of authority.

Question 22

Why does a lack of uniform reduce obedience?

Answer 22

It weakens perceived authority and credibility.

Question 23

What concept explains why people resist non-uniformed authority figures?

Answer 23

Increased sense of personal responsibility.

Question 24

What criticism did Perry (2013) make of Milgram’s study?

Answer 24

Participants expressed doubts about the shocks.

Question 25

What did Orne and Holland (1968) argue about Milgram’s study?

Answer 25

Participants may have shown demand characteristics.

Question 26

What does "demand characteristics" mean?

Answer 26

Participants guessing the study’s true aim and altering behavior.

Question 27

What evidence contradicts the claim that Milgram’s study lacked realism?

Answer 27

Participants still obeyed when real shocks were given to animals.

Question 28

What was the key finding of Sheridan and King’s (1972) study?

Answer 28

54% of males and 100% of females administered what they believed were fatal shocks to a puppy.

Question 29

Why does Sheridan and King's study support Milgram’s findings?

Answer 29

It shows obedience occurred even when shocks were real.

Question 30

Why must caution be taken with Sheridan and King’s results?

Answer 30

The study involved animals

Question 31

What was the aim of Hofling et al.’s (1966) study?

Answer 31

To test obedience in a real hospital setting.

Question 32

What did Hofling find regarding nurses’ obedience?

Answer 32

21 out of 22 nurses followed dangerous instructions from an unknown doctor.

Question 33

Why does Hofling’s study support Milgram’s findings?

Answer 33

It showed high obedience levels in a real-world scenario.

Question 34

What is one strength of Hofling’s study?

Answer 34

It has high ecological validity.

Question 35

How did Kilham and Mann (1974) challenge Milgram’s findings?

Answer 35

Only 16% of Australians shocked to 450 volts.

Question 36

What did Mantell (1971) find about obedience in Germany?

Answer 36

85% of participants obeyed to 450 volts.

Question 37

What does cross-cultural research suggest about obedience?

Answer 37

Cultural values influence obedience levels.

Question 38

Why might German participants show higher obedience rates?

Answer 38

Stronger hierarchical socialisation.

Question 39

Why might Australian participants show lower obedience rates?

Answer 39

A culture that values independence and personal responsibility.

Question 40

What real-life event can Milgram’s findings help explain?

Answer 40

The My Lai massacre.

Question 41

How does Kelman and Hamilton (1989) link Milgram’s study to the My Lai massacre?

Answer 41

The soldiers were obeying orders from higher-ranking officers.

Question 42

What does the My Lai massacre demonstrate about authority?

Answer 42

People can commit extreme acts under powerful authority figures.

Question 43

How does Milgram’s research have real-world application?

Answer 43

It helps explain obedience in wartime atrocities.

Question 44

What personality theory offers an alternative explanation for Milgram’s findings?

Answer 44

Adorno’s theory of authoritarianism.

Question 45

What does Adorno’s theory suggest about obedience?

Answer 45

People raised in authoritarian families are more likely to obey.

Question 46

What evidence from Milgram’s study supports Adorno’s theory?

Answer 46

Obedient participants showed higher levels of authoritarian traits.

Question 47

What does Adorno’s theory suggest about situational factors?

Answer 47

Personality factors may also influence obedience.

Question 48

Why does combining Milgram’s and Adorno’s theories improve understanding?

Answer 48

It shows obedience is influenced by both personality and situational factors.

Question 49

What ethical issues were present in Milgram’s study?

Answer 49

Deception and psychological distress.

Question 50

How did Milgram attempt to address ethical concerns?

Answer 50

He conducted thorough debriefings.

Question 51

What long-term positive impact did Milgram’s study have?

Answer 51

It contributed to the development of ethical guidelines in psychology.